Break even

Breakeven is the point at which the company is not generating either profits or losses. This is the point at which the company is generating just the level of revenue which compensates for both the variable costs and the fixed costs. Variable costs fluctuate with the level of patients arriving for the scans. The greater the number of incoming patients for MRI scans, the greater the variable costs. However the fixed costs, which involve the lease payments, which are periodic, will not vary regardless of the number of patients coming in for the scan.Therefore, while greater number of patients means greater variable costs, it also means that there will be greater scope for the company to cover the fixed costs. That is of course given the fact that the price is higher than per unit variable cost. That is the case under the present scenario. The price that each customer pays for an MRI scan is $2100 while the cost that the company has to incur for each scan is $1200. The difference betwee n the price and the variable cost goes towards covering the fixed costs. That is why the breakeven equation stands as it does.As mentioned before, breakeven is the point at which there are neither profits nor loses for the company. As a result profit at this point can be considered as zero. The level of sales at which profit is zero means that under the present circumstances, the number of MRI scans that the hospital has performed cover for not only the variable costs but fixed costs as well. In the present scenario the payment that the hospital receives in return for performing the MRI scan is $2100 which is much higher than the cost of performing that scan which is $1200. Therefore, the company will have no problem in covering for the variable costs.What the hospital has to worry about is covering the fixed cost. Therefore the objective here is to determine the number of patients at which the difference between total revenue and total variable costs equals the fixed costs. The equ ation generates the 100 patients that R Squared must scan each month to cover not only the variable costs of performing each scan but also the fixed costs of operating the MRI scan equipment. 100 patients indicate the minimum number of patients that R Squared must scan each month in order to be able to stay in business, i.e. get back both the variable cost and the fixed costs. However General Hospital is ensuring 125 patients each month. This is very good for R Squared because at that number of patients, the hospital will be generating a level of profit that is higher than the $10000 calculated in question 2. Therefore R Squared will accept this contract. Question 4 If R Squared does not accept this contract it could reach an agreement with General Hospital whereby part of the costs for operating the equipment could be borne by General Hospital.This will reduce both the variables costs and the fixed costs for R Squared. In that scenario the management of the company could afford to accommodate a lower number of patients as it has to cover for a lower level of costs. Of course since 125 patients on a monthly basis means nearly $22500 of profits, there is no reason for the management not to accept this contract. However the management could be targeting a higher level of profits from its MRI division. In that case, a strategic alliance in the form of cost sharing as mentioned before could help both parties reach an agreement.

Descartes And The Material World

If you can’t, does it follow that Descartes’ method of doubt is uselessIt is very difficult to know for certain if the material world exists or not because we are dealing with metaphysical philosophy. Metaphysical philosophy is the branch of philosophy concerned with the basic nature of reality. Its aim is to give a systematic account of the world and the principles that govern it Rene Descartes, a French philosopher during the 17th century came up with many arguments concerning existence. Descartes is called a dualist because he claimed that the world consists of two basic substances, matter and spirit. Matter is the physical universe, of which our bodies are a part. The human mind, or spirit, interacts with the body but can, in theory, exist without it, Descartes argued. Descartes wrote pieces of writing known as The Six Meditations. During these meditations he attempted to rule out anything that can be doubtful. So, for the purpose of rejecting all my opinions, it will be enough if I find each of them at least some reason for doubt, he commented. The results of these meditations will be discussed in detail. Although Descartes is very influential to modern philosophy, it came with a price. Many philosophers attacked Descartes arguments critically. One example where Descartes arguments have been attacked is in the book by John Cottingham. These arguments will be discussed further in this essay. In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes first considered the strongest reasons that might be used to show that he could never be certain of anything. He clarifies that everything that humans accept as true have been acquired from the senses or through the senses. Although our senses are our most trustworthy friend, they tend to deceive us from time to time. It is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once , Descartes argues. In mentally sane beings, the best example where our senses may have deceived us is in our dreams. When we dream, we rarely know we are actually dreaming. So in turn, while dreaming, we are perceived with a false reality. These arguments included the idea that perhaps we might be dreaming, so that nothing we seem to perceive is real. There are though universal laws in which even if our physical existence is doubted still exist. For example, Mathematics and Geometry would still exist because it does not rely on matter. Two plus two would still equal four as well as the fact that a square will always have four sides. Back to the meditation, Descartes reflected that perhaps God or some evil demon was constantly tricking his mind, causing him to believe what was false. Yet, it cannot be God because according to Descartes, God is supremely good. Descartes commences the Second meditation saying, Anything of the slightest doubt I will set aside just as if I had found it to be wholly false. In another words, he will attempt to disregard anything that can be categorised as doubtful. One thing, Descartes argues can exist without doubt, ones existence. Nothing can make him doubt that. Descartes then introduced the famous Latin phrase cogito ergo sum, which means I think, therefore I am. Analysing Descartes arguments, it is clear that one can doubt the existence of a physical world. Descartes gives the example of a piece of wax. When he first perceives the wax, it is hard, has a certain colour, shape and other qualities. However when he puts that same wax next to the fire all its primary and secondary qualities change. It is not hard anymore; colour, shape and other qualities have changed. Nevertheless we still know that it is the same wax before we put it next to the fire. Our mind can understand that but our senses cannot. Many philosophers, on the other hand, disagree with Descartes. For example, the main objection to Descartes theories is the phrase, See to believe. One cannot assume something without actually experiencing it for themselves. In the case of the evil demon, evidence is needed to prove that it actually exists. If there were even the slightest evidence, maybe its existence can be argued upon but the truth is that there is no proof that this demon exists (although physical proof is sometimes not sufficient, for example, in the case of God). If there is a deception, there must be some way to know whether one has been deceived. Otherwise the word deception doesnt distinguish anything from anything else. For example, walking in the desert, one sees water but getting closer to it, it disappears and found out its only a mirage. He/she has found out that he/she has been deceived. In the case of the evil demon, there is no proof that we are being tricked, as mentioned before. As written earlier, Descartes believed that existence may be just a dream but again many believe it is very doubtful. Many believe that dreams are just a reflection of real life. In another words, we dream what we have experienced when awake. Dreams also lack the massiveness and the tremendous degree of internal co-herence that waking-life experiences rather than dreams. In another words, dreams lack things such as laws of gravity and realness that are associated with real life. John Cottingham criticises Descartes in many ways. For example, Descartes points out that the reliability of the intellect is much greater than that of the senses. The question is how the intellect can doubt the senses if we take in our information from our senses and only our senses. Another objection is that from the fact that we are thinking does not seem to be entirely certain that we exist. For in order to be certain that one is thinking one must know what thought or thinking actually is as well as what our existence is. All in all, Descartes work is very influential to modern philosophy. As John Stuart Mill once said, in an argument no one is 100% correct or incorrect, so there it would be unwise to discard anyones opinion. For all humans know, Descartes may be wrong or not but his method of doubt is definitely not useless. In another words, in light of these arguments, it seems that the most plausible position is to keep an open mind.

Girls Are Better Than Boys

A Famous Place In Our Country Today, Pangkor Island is a popular island destination for local and Singapore holiday makers. It gets extremely busy during school and public holidays. One operator on the island reported that approximately 2000 holidaymakers were left without a place to stay on the island during the Chinese New Year holiday period. Of course, many people assume that there's plenty of available rooms on the island and that reservations weren't necessary.Having said so, there are indeed quite a number of resorts, motels and inns on Teluk Nipah and Pasir Bogak. In particular, Teluk Nipah. One end of the beach is chock-full with chalets, A-huts, small resorts and and restaurants. The accommodation here is quite affordable for budget travellers although not quite as cheap as what can be found on Tioman. Located about 90km south west from Ipoh and reachable by free from Lumut in only 35mins, Pangkor Island is 8 square km big and inhabited by 25000 people, mainly fishermen.Pan gkor Island Beach Resort is the getaway from the metropolitan life to rest, relax and rejuvenate. Located between Penang and Kuala Lumpur, the journey from the country’s capital takes only about 3 hours to the coastal town of Lumut, either by car or limousine coach, the scenic landscape is an experience by itself. Pangkor Island is an idyllic and beautiful island resort for a free a carefree and relaxing holiday.It’s natural scenery of green hills and palm-fringed beaches of fine white sand lapped by the warm blue waters of the Straits of Malacca is truly magnificent. Therefore I chose the Pangkor island as a place famous in Malaysia because it does not need expensive costly and not wasting my time. We also will be soothed and comforted by natural flora and fauna of the island. Beside that, our mind will be fresh when there.

Assessment and Analysis of Whether We Are Coming Closer to the Essay

Assessment and Analysis of Whether We Are Coming Closer to the Objectives of Delivering Sustainable Communities - Essay Example This increasing population means that there is a strong need to develop more housing to accommodate the growing population, while maintaining the liveability and usability of the existing infrastructure. However, considering the environmental consequences of creating more buildings, the question of housing is not limited to just making more houses to accommodate people. With the anticipated level of growth, it is essential that the new developments be made such that their impact on the environment can be minimised and environmental sustainability can be built-in from the start. The question of environmental sustainability, then, is not limited to construction of buildings alone, but to creating sustainable communities which also encourage minimal use of personal transportation, minimise pollution, and maximise preservation and regeneration of green areas and other natural resources. The concept of sustainable communities was brought forward in UK in 2003 by then Deputy Prime Minister , Mr John Prescott, through a ?38bn plan for economic, social, and environmental development (OPDM, 2003). He termed sustainable communities as â€Å"places where people want to live, and work, now and in the future†. ... on services and housing caused by economic success, and reforming for delivery by ensuring right legal framework to support the action plan in the agenda. Appendix 1 shows the details of this budget for the different steps proposed in the policy document. This paper analyses the progress made in UK until now on these counts to assess how close UK has come to delivering sustainable communities. One of the key elements of sustainable communities is sustainable construction. The Cambridgeshire County Council has brought forward a guide for good practices on sustainable construction (Land Use Consultants, 2004). This guide illustrates how builders can make buildings that respect the environment and what key parameters builders must take into account in designing and constructing the buildings. These key parameters are: 1) Adapting to climate change: guidelines on ensuring healthy and comfortable environments for living and working through efficient landscaping and reducing the impact of natural disasters on buildings. 2) Energy: guidelines on minimising the amount of energy people need to use to lead their lives comfortably 3) Waste: guidelines on minimising the amount of waste generated and not reused in any way, in both demolition/ construction and occupation of buildings 4) Water: guidelines on encouraging the sustainable use and management of water resources 5) Materials: guidelines on minimising the wider impact of new developments through maximising the use of local, natural and sustainable materials II. Discussion The issue of delivering sustainable communities is systematically considered within the UK government planning, one of the 6 levers identified in the OPDM report of 2003. This is evident from the fact that the Sustainable Communities Act was made a law in

Santorini, Greece Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Santorini, Greece Architecture - Research Paper Example This volcanic eruption destroyed the center of the island, causing it to sink and to create today’s caldera. The caldera is circular in shape and it is entirely filled with water. In fact, it is the only sunken caldera in the world. The inner coast around the caldera is a precipice of nearly 300-meter drop; it has many layers of solidified layers of lava on top of each other. The outer beaches are very smooth and shallow. Sand color of beaches is different depending upon which geographic layer is exposed; it could be white, red, grey or black sand. The climate of Santorini is affected by its volcanic location. It is generally fair with pleasant temperature throughout the year. The summers are marked by drought. The temperature in the summer months e.g. July and August range from 30 -32 degrees centigrade during the day to 20- 23 degrees at night. Spring and autumn are perfect. The winters are generally humid with mild temperatures. Rain is almost nonexistent, but some showers are expected at the end of April and September. Snow is also very rare. The climate in the Santorini is also affected by the winds rushing in the region. The ‘meltimi’ wind is present in July-August while ‘sirocco’ wind blows here in the spring. The history of Santorini is closely linked with the geophysical characteristics of the region. Santorini and its caldera have been formed due to volcanic activity in the area. Santorini volcano has played an important role in the existence of an island from the prehistoric times to the present date. The island was named Callisto, strongly and Thera before it became Santorini. The name "Santorini" derives from the Crusaders who in their way stood for rest near the Church of St. Irene, so they called the island Santa Irene (Santorini). According to the known Santorini history, its first inhabitants were the pre-Hellenistic in the Bronze Age. After the Phoenicians, Dorians and the Minoans followed.  Ã‚  

Hypersensitivity Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hypersensitivity Reaction - Essay Example Hypersensitivity Reaction This paper aims to review the immunological mechanisms giving rise to the four groups of hypersensitivity. It also compares and contrasts hypersensitivity reactions caused by antibodies and those caused by T-lymphocytes, while also discussing the clinical consequences of each of the reactions using examples. Hypersensitivity reactions can be divided into type I-IV, based on the various involved mechanisms. Type I, often associated with allergy, is mediated by IgE. IgE triggers basophil and mast cell degranulation cross linking with antigen. Type II occurs on binding of the host’s cells to antigens, which marks them for destruction (Phillips, 2006 p89). Mediation is by IgG and IgM antibodies. Type III hypersensitivity triggering occurs due to aggregates of IgM, IgG, complement proteins, and antigens deposited in tissues. Type IV hypersensitivity’s mediation is by macrophages, monocytes, and T cells. Infectious diseases and autoimmune involve this hypersensitivity in thei r reactions. Most hypersensitivity injuries develop due to interactions between antibodies and antigens or between sensitized T-lymphocytes and antigens. The general symptoms  accompanying the reaction depend on the involvement of either T-lymphocytes, or antibodies. During antibody involvement, immediate hypersensitivity results, while T-lymphocyte involvement results in delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate hypersensitivity includes immune complex reactions, cytotoxic reactions, allergic reactions, and anaphylaxis. Delayed hypersensitivity includes infection allergies and contact dermatitis. Antibody Mediated Hypersensitivity vs. T-lymphocyte Mediated Hypersensitivity Antibody mediated hypersensitivity depends on the antigen nature, its frequency, and antigen contact route (Phillips, 2006 p11). It also depends on antibody type that reacts with the antigen. The initial antigen dose is known as sensitizing dose. On exposure, a latent period follows. Later, a dose of the sam e antigen, referred to as shocking or eliciting dose, sets off the reaction. This results in tissue damage. In T-lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity, T-lymphocytes function rather than antibodies. These T-lymphocytes function in cell mediated immunity. They produce Lymphokines, which stimulate macrophage influx in order to perform phagocytosis. This results in immune response exaggeration. For both antibody mediated and T-lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity reactions, local tissue destruction results. However, destruction of tissue by T-lymphocyte mediation occurs via phagocytosis. For antibody mediated hypersensitivity, reactions begin minutes after antigen administration (Phillips, 2006 p31). On direct administration of the antigen directly to the tissue, for example, injection or bee stings, a systemic reaction occurs. For instance, anaphylactic shock may result. When the contact involved is superficial, involving epithelial tissue, a localized reaction results, for example, ha y fever and asthma. These reactions can also be referred to as atopy or allergy. T-lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity, on the other hand, requires one day or more in order to develop. It can manifest in the form of infection allergy, such as in the tuberculin test (Phillips, 2006 p34). A second manifestation of T-lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis. Large blister like lesions accompany the reaction, with vesicles surrounded by redness. The vesicles usually itch intensely.

The integrated marketing communication analysis Assignment

The integrated marketing communication analysis - Assignment Example It is quite important to launch a strong advertisement campaign and public relations program with for developing good consumer relationship. For this purpose prospective sponsor may be contacted and a detailed advertisement campaign may be discussed. The e print, online constituents of the campaign should be designed to demonstrating stunning visuals unique to the PMP experience. The print advertisements should appear in the issues of publications that are widely circulated and their readers are people who have interest in electronic entertainment. The online campaign should be designed to showcase the unique user interface that allows consumers to easily navigate media content on PMP. Innovation in technologies can change the landscape of an entire industry with astonishing speed. Even set businesses may fail to bridge the discontinuity and wither away, while newcomers with novel concepts or methods rise to dominance. Almost all industries similar patterns of transformation when a new product or process technology emerges. A look at one industry in which innovation has been the key to success can throw light on these patterns and help identify the qualities that determine whether a firm will survive the encounter with dramatic technological change. Contemporary media companies continue to grow and expa... Contemporary media companies continue to grow and expand, the challenges of staying globally competitive become increasingly difficult. The transnational media corporations have become important features of today's global economic landscape. Most of such corporations operate in preferred markets with an obvious preference toward one's home market. Integrated Marketing Communication Integrated marketing is a disciplined approach for communicating about the Company 's target customers and partners. It is used for the purpose of advancing its goals and strategic vision. The integrated marketing program focuses many objectives including following main objectives: Improving the perspective and know-how of prospective customers Building awareness and support among influencersIncreasing the number of prospective customers Improving organizational communications The integrated marketing communication analysis is necessary before launching the marketing campaign of the new product like Sky+ PMP. It can be done two phases. The first phase should analyse the retail marketing and the second should explore the online marketing. Background Sky+ Portable Media Player (PMP) is being launched after successful launch of Sky+ in 2001. Then it was re-launched with a renewed marketing drive and new pricing model introduced in 2003. But the company has to launch a very expensive marketing campaign. This service offers a personal video recorder fully integrated with a Sky Digital decoder. It used an internal hard drive. It allows to record, pause live television and instantly rewind. Although these features are quite unique but similar products have already been launched in some countries such as America and Japan with Tivo. The Sky

Nutrition and wellness research paper Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Nutrition and wellness paper - Research Proposal Example On this basis, the topic I propose for this research paper is the nutritive disorder, Anorexia nervosa. This does not appear to be a personal site. It is the official website of the Renfrew Center – a mental health facility, which has centers in various states throughout the United States and a nationwide professional network. This Center specializes in the treatment of eating disorders. The author of the website, i.e, the Renfrew Agency, itself appears to be the sponsoring agency that has put out the information on Anorexia Nervosa which is contained in this site. The credentials of this organization are also evident on the site, because it has acknowledged that it is the owner of copyright and therefore the producer of the material on this specific webpage. This does not appear to be an educational site, it is a commercial site. There is no contact email address provided, but there is a direct link titled â€Å"Contact†, where a user has the facility to enter personal contact information, so that a representative of the Renfrew Center can get in touch. In addition, there is a toll free number that has been provided on the site, for contacting the Renfrew Center. This site appears to have been created as a promotional tool to generate business for the Renfrew Center. There are no advertisements on this site. There are several links provided for different sections of the community, i.e, for schools, for family/friends and for professionals, and the major focus appears to be the promotion of the package of health care services offered by the Renfrew Center. This web page is useful because it contains information on the disease. It also describes anorexia nervosa as a life threatening condition which usually â€Å"stems from underlying emotional causes.† This supports my thesis that the causes of the disease may be psychological. Source No:

The Constructivist Approach in International Relations Essay

The Constructivist Approach in International Relations - Essay Example The paper tells that the constructivists have over and over questioned the rationale behind the self-centred notion of rationalism. In place of this, Constructivism has favoured some form of social ontology. Its proponents believe that human beings are social actors, and as such can never live away from the society’s power to shape their actions, so that they can conform to certain forms of behaviour. However, Wendt admits that, since constructivism is unable to provide international relations with â€Å"a clear test of their predictive power...† and without a clear theory to help in assessing domestic politics, it cannot, therefore, solely in studying international relations. It needs a backing from some other theories of international relations. Therefore, my paper seeks to critically assess the strengths and shortcomings of the constructivist approach in International Relations. In doing this, the paper will give a brief discussion on how constructivism has come to b e one of the major theoretical approaches of IR. It will also look at the strengths and weaknesses of constructivism. Moreover, it will give a comparison between constructivism and neorealism. The works of various constructivists will be visited to shed more light on the topic. These constructivists include Martha Finnemore, Alexander Wendt, Thomas Risse, and Peter Katzenstein. Today constructivism is actually one of the main theories of International Relations. It is built on the premise that almost all important features of global politics owe their existence to some given social circumstances and events in history. The theory strongly refutes the claim that international politics are controlled by intentional human actions that can never be controlled. It also does not agree with the notion that international politics is controlled by the uncontrollable nature of the same. The intention of constructivism to look at international relations as a result of social construction makes the theory clearly distinct from the traditional approaches to not only realism but also liberalism. There is a lot of emphasis on the human nature of humans as being an outcome of the relations we have with others. We are who we are today because of the social relations. As such, the argument here is that it is our social relations that construct us. However, the same world cannot exist without human beings since it is what it is because of the social relations. Therefore, as the world controls us, we equally control the world. Both humans and the world make each other (Zehfuss 2002, p.4). Constructivism’s importance in international relations is clearly brought out in the claim that the most important debate, now or in future, is that â€Å"between rationalists and constructivists.† Another factor that makes constructivism an important tool in the study of international relations is the fact that it occupies â€Å"the middle ground between rationalism and more radic al approaches, often called reflectivist or relativist†

A Research Proposal concerning Computer Operating Systems Education Essay

A Research Proposal concerning Computer Operating Systems Education - Essay Example My interest in this subject started as a realization, servicing computers at The University of La Verne. There seemed to be a great familiarity of an application when a worker was given instructions in a specific subject. When using a new application, the same faculty or staff became disorientated and frustrated. I pondered; could knowledge of Operating Systems help subjects adapt to new programs easier? My observations were that the more experience a customer had using a computer, the easier it was to adapt to new types of work. Of the subjects interviewed, few have taken an actual course on the operating system of their computer. The comfort level of the subjects who had used several operating systems, over a span of years, were very good at applying learned knowledge to new applications. Consider operating a computer is as much of our professional skill set as language or mathematics. Efficacy theory by Albert Butera states ‘Self Efficacy is people’s perception of their ability to plan and take action to reach a particular goal.† Another definition by Compeau and Higgins 1995; Marakas et al. 1998) is Computer self-efficacy (CSE) refers to individuals' judgment of their capabilities to use computers in diverse situations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_efficacy, 2006) I theorize that if a worker has a good basic knowledge of an operating system, he or she will build confidence through positive experiences. This encounter will drive a user to experiment and discover effective ways of using multiple applications.

The Argument for and Against Gun Laws Essay Example for Free

The Argument for and Against Gun Laws Essay There are many issues in the media related to gun control laws. With the large number of shootings that have taken place this year and the recent shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School that claimed the lives of 20 children and 6 adults many people say that we need tougher laws when it comes to purchasing a gun. Gun laws are different from state to state, but immediately following the devastating school shooting in Newton, Conn. there is a great division between pro-gun advocates and those that are for stricter gun laws. I feel that there should be stricter laws when it comes to purchasing a weapon due to the devastation they can and have caused over the years. When the Constitution was first created in 1787 it included the right to bear arms for good reason. At that time in our history there was no established military nor was there established law enforcement. Therefore, citizens were responsible for their own safety and did not have a choice when it came to owning a gun. Today, however, not only do we have the four branches of the military along with the Coast Guard and Reserves, but we also have established law enforcement in every city and town. Many pro-gun activists like to hide behind the constitution whenever the subject of gun control comes up. They do not think about the devastation that has been caused over the years by guns since their invention. There have been a countless number of murders as well as accidental shooting that have occurred in the United States alone. Many also try to get away with murder by claiming immunity under laws such as the â€Å"Stand Your Ground Law† in Florida. Today, the military is also well established. Not only do we have the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines, but we also have the Reserves as well as the Coast Guard. Within these military branches we also have Military Intelligence and Homeland security in place. This does not include the numerous other departments within the military. The established law enforcement across the country is one is the most  important reasons why it is unnecessary for everyday American’s to own high powered weapons. Not only do we have local law enforcement, but state and federal as well. Every town or city has a regular Police Department or Sheriff’s Office to protect its citizens. This is why it is unnecessary for citizens to own high powered weapons. In conclusions, with events such as shootings at Columbine, â€Å"The Dark Knight Rises† premier and the shooting of Trayvon Martin guns in the hands of everyday citizens is and can be deadly. The Constitution was created at a time when there was no true established military or law and is the reason why it was necessary for Americans to carry a weapon for protection. Now, however, this is not the case and with people not only purchasing handguns, but automatic weapons it is a scary situation of many of us. There should be a more stricter law about who should be able to own automatic and high powered guns because not only are these guns in the hands of criminals, but in the hands of children as well. That is why there needs to be tougher gun control laws. References Wood, J. (2013). Interpersonal communications: Everyday encounters. (7th ed., pp. 100-103). Hartfield, E. (2012, December 24). In gun control debate, arguments for tougher background checks, better state reporting. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics Myers, R. (2012, December 5). Gun control debate: How owning a gun changes the dynamics of conflict. Retrieved from http://www.policymic.com Clark, H. (2012, December 24). Could U.S, gun control debate benefit from Australian model?. Retrieved from http://www.alaskadispatch.com

Compassion Fatigue Essay Example for Free

Compassion Fatigue Essay ― Tahereh Mafi, Shatter Me The health care industry is made up of nurses, doctors, and other medical professionals who are dedicated to the care and healing of others. The modern medical field is a very fast-paced, stressful, and demanding environment. Often, the constant stress and demands of the job can adversely affect the healthcare provider. Not surprisingly, those who go into the healthcare industry, do so because they have a sincere desire to make a difference in people’s lives and provide care for a patient’s spiritual, mental, and physical needs. However, this type of career requires energy and dedication way beyond that of other comparable careers. â€Å"Compassion fatigue† is a common side-effect. â€Å"Compassion fatigue† can be defined as, â€Å"the gradual decline of compassion over time as a result of caregivers being exposed to events that have traumatized their patients (Cherry 497).† In fact, the damage that results from this condition has been linked to more sick days, high turnover rates, and decreased productivity. If left untreated, this condition can adversely affect patient safety, so it is vital that hospitals and healthcare providers are able to accurately recognize compassion fatigue and treat it early. (Landro, L. 2012) Compassion is an important and critical gift necessary for the care of others. Compassion can be defined as, â€Å"sympathetic consciousness of others distress together with a desire to alleviate it† (Merriam-Webster 2013). No one is immune to compassion fatigue. In fact, anyone caring for another person can suffer from it. However, compassion fatigue is more prevalent in the health care industry due to the extenuating nature of the work. The reality is that healthcare providers have an exhausting array of job duties that entail lengthy shifts, selfless service, endless dedication, love, and compassion. Due to the extreme demands, medical professionals often neglect their own personal needs for the sake of others. Every single day, healthcare professionals come face to face with disease, illness, decline in health, and death. Over time, it can be incredibly traumatizing. â€Å"Compassion is a verb.† ― Thich Nhat Hanh If not prevented or left untreated, â€Å"compassion fatigue† can negatively affect a caregiver emotionally, spiritually, cognitively, physically and behaviorally. Warning signs can manifest themselves in a variety of ways. The emotional effects of compassion fatigue can include mood disturbances, increased apathy, lassitude, irritability, discontentment, hopelessness, aggressiveness, hostility, numbness, and helplessness. (Eagan, T. 2012) Other signs may include oversensitivity, restlessness, depression, anxiety, and even substance abuse. (Lombardo, B., Eyre, C., 2011) The spiritual effects of compassion fatigue may often be harder to pinpoint. Warning signs may include subtle things such as starting to question one’s purpose in life, an increasing sense of disbelief or an increasing sense of aimlessness. (Ginter, C. 2010). The caregiver may start to question their personal religious beliefs, become increasingly skeptical and even question life’s meaning. (Portnoy, D. 2011) The cognitive effects of compassion fatigue can be easier to identify. It’s easy to observe when someone is having difficulty concentrating or is unable to focus on tasks and duties that are critical to the job. The work ethic and performance of the healthcare provider may also be affected, resulting in increased absences, low morale, decreased motivation, and overall negativity in the workplace. This not only affects the healthcare provider, but also their co-workers and patients. The physical effects of compassion fatigue can include, but are not limited to headaches, chronic pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and self neglect (poor diet, lack of exercise, poor hygiene). (Eagan, T. 2012) Other physical effects can include gastrointestinal complaints, hypertension, (Pfifferling, J., Gilley, K. 2000) muscle tension and cardiac symptoms (chest pain, tachycardia, and palpitations. (Lombardo, B., Eyre, C., 2011) Behavioral changes can include â€Å"isolating†, withdrawing, extreme hyper-vigilance, (Portnoy, D. 2011) apathy or extreme attention to work, avoiding, faking interest, blaming, restlessness, and even inappropriate humor (Ginter, C. 2010). â€Å"I would rather make mistakes in kindness and compassion than work miracles in unkindness and hardness.† ― Mother Teresa, A Gift for God: Prayers and Meditations Although compassion fatigue can be an easy problem to identify, the specific causes of this condition are often varied and harder to pinpoint. The stressful nature of a healthcare career can certainly create â€Å"the perfect storm†. Overall, health care professionals can feel stressed about things like control over workload, lack of recognition or appreciation of doing a good job. Lifestyle changes can also cause compassion fatigue. If the person is working too much without taking time off to relax, taking on too much responsibility with no help from others, not getting enough sleep, or not having a supportive relationship in their personal life, it becomes easier for compassion fatigue to develop. People with certain personality traits (pessimistic, perfectionist, those who do not delegate, and type A, and overachievers) are particularly predisposed to experiencing compassion fatigue or burnout. The constant exposure to negative situations, stress, loss, and giving more than receiving, in addition to having a more intense personality, can increase the risk of developing compassion fatigue. (Frandsen, B. 2010) â€Å"Compassion fatigue is caused by empathy. It is the natural consequence of stress resulting from caring for and helping traumatized or suffering people† (Portnoy, D. 2011). In the medical field, nurses, doctors, and other health care providers often witness pain, suffering and death first-hand. They play numerous roles with less time, resources and support. The increased demands and stress along with the constant exposure to negative and traumatic events can build up over time and put anyone at risk for compassion fatigue. â€Å"Love and compassion are necessities, not luxuries. Without them, humanity cannot survive.† ― Dalai Lama XIV, The Art of Happiness A caregiver is not so different from a patient. Both caregiver and patient have physical, spiritual, and emotional needs that must be met. When their own needs are neglected, caregivers are unable to properly care for their patients. In short, they’re hurting themselves as well as the patients. Maintaining regular exercise, staying hydrated, staying productive, eating healthy and taking time to rest and relax are critical ways to reduce the chances of developing compassion fatigue. Although spiritual beliefs may be different from person to person, it is vital to nourish and grow in one’s faith. Those needs may be different depending on beliefs and may include going to church on a regular basis, taking the time to pray or meditate, speaking with a church leader, reading scriptures, or having time alone to reflect and think. There are many different ways a caregiver can begin to focus on their spiritual health. (StopPain.org 2013) Emotional needs are another important area that should be nurtured. Emotional needs are just as important as physical and spiritual needs. A caregiver may need time to mentally unwind, have peace and quiet, laugh and cry, and â€Å"tune in† to their personal experiences and emotions. Taking short breaks to renew emotional energy and doing things that bring you joy and happiness are ways to increase and improve emotional health. (StopPain.org 2013) By making sure the needs of the caregiver are met, the caregiver, patients, and even the company will benefit from it. There are many ways to cope with compassion fatigue. Perhaps the most important way of addressing the needs of the caregiver is to acknowledge compassion fatigue when necessary and take aggressive steps to assist caregivers in finding supportive coping strategies. Some coping strategies according to Varner, J. (2004) include: asking for assistance and support from peers or other support groups, staying positive, smiling and talking to peers, using humor to decrease anxiety and tension, giving comfort through physical contact, taking breaks with peers and not alone, using problem solving tools, generating solutions, and focusing specifically on tasks at hand. Learning how to balance work and life essentially means learning how to invest the time and energy into taking care of oneself in order to effectively take care of others. Putting together a plan of self-care (journaling, yoga, meditation, exercise, proper diet, doing things that you find pleasure in, and doing non work related activities) as well as educating yourself and others on communication skills is vital in preventing compassion fatigue. Employers can aid in combating compassion fatigue by offering on-site counseling, support groups, de-briefing sessions, and bereavement interventions (Boyle, D., 2011) that all work together to give employees the tools and skills needed for prevention. Early recognition of compassion fatigue is vital to anyone in a caring profession. Maintaining and constantly improving self-care and creating optimal wellness are crucial in order to properly care for others. .†Caregivers need to be able to deliver excellence without compromising their well-being†(Portnoy, D. 2011). Caregivers often neglect their own personal needs for the sake of others and need to realize the importance of focusing on their own needs first. By taking care of their own needs and ensuring they have a life that entails supportive relationships, health care providers will be able to successfully care for their patients long-term.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

Legal and Ethical Considerations Legal and Ethical Considerations Formulae is looking into setting up operations and extending our business to both Guatemala and Mexico. Now, the success of these expansion projects is going to be built upon many factors, and among them legal and ethical conduct will be of the utmost importance. Both Guatemala, and Mexico have in common many culturally based legal and ethical rules. However they also have differences, and of course they not only separate each other, but also the fact that we are coming from a completely American perspective in our approach as it exists today will make the integration of local laws, and regulations a vital part of our operations in those regions and help us to better equip our people with guidelines for doing business without risking lawsuits for improper conduct. Such lawsuits would reflect badly on our organization throughout the world and could lead to individual incarcerations abroad. The old adage â€Å"dont do anything that you wouldnt be proud to tell your mother about† is a good one to keep in mind, but it simply wont be enough to guide you when dealing with foreign legal and cultural differences. The ethical side of this does not just end with the legal considerations. Mexico and Guatemala have very different ways of conducting business and day to day affairs in general. Observing the cultural norms for doing business as much as possible will make for a more attractive and comfortable environment for locally hired employees. Things like work hours, pay dates, holidays, etc should be tailored to that which is locally customary or interlaced with the currently used policies regarding those areas. It would be unrealistic and rude even to just go into these markets and try to run things as though we were still in our home country. Corruption in its many forms is a legal problem which is so well recognized that it has created a business environment in many countries that necessitated the creation and institution of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The FCPA can impose penalties upon United States businesses who are engaging in prohibited activities. Many places in the world regularly employ bribes to facilitate business transactions. Much of Central America is known for this and thus doing business in both Mexico and Guatemala makes it necessary for us to become familiar with its provisions and assure that we are not in violation. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is broken down into three basic sections as follows (Stimmel, Stimmel Smith, P.C., 2004): The worldwide business activities of U.S. corporations must be free from paying bribes directly to foreign officials. Also, they may not offer or promise to pay, or authorize a bribe. This includes presenting of any gifts of value to foreign officials to secure or retain business or obtain an immoral accommodation. The FCPA explicitly prohibits offering business opportunities, extravagant recreation, excessive activities to promote business and covering or reimbursing expenses of officials. Charitable, political, or similar contributions are also prohibited. According to the FCPA a foreign official can be any government employee. Also included are the officers, directors, and employees of government-owned companies. Persons not considered public servants locally may be considered an official by the DOJ as well. Gifts or payments may not be made to employees of companies in which the government has any ownership. In addition to the aforementioned, the giving of gifts to a candidates for government office, officials of a political party, or the political party itself in order to obtain or retain business or to obtain an immoral accommodation. Both the Justice Department and the SEC have applied the FCPA to cover payments or gifts to members of the family of a government or party official, as well as charitable contributions. Books and records provisions, which apply to U.S. or foreign-based companies whose stock is publicly-traded in the United States, require that all companies in a controlled group or which are related entities which form part of the corporate group, maintain accurate accounting records coupled with an organizational methodology for internal controls over the companys assets. One provision of the FCPA that allows U.S. companies, U.S. citizens, and residents of the United States to be held liable for improper payments made by non-employee third parties, even payments of which they may be unaware can be a major source of risk. For example, if a U.S. company were to hire a local consultant in another country, and that person or partner were to make an improper payment or contribute part of his compensation with a government official of that country, the U.S. company that entered into the relationship with the agent could be held accountable for the actions of the hired consultant. Similarly, if a partner acted as an agent for the U.S. company, took any action to advance payment while in the United States, the FCPA would petition the partner, in addition to addressing of the U.S. company. Penalties for violating the FCPA can include imprisonment and fines. The base fine of $2,000,000.00 may be imposed for every violation. Individuals may be fined $100,000.00 per violation and imprisonment for up to five years. Employers are not allowed to pay the fines due for their employee. Violations may be cause for barring one from business actions with the Federal government, and securities. Ineligibility to receive export licenses may also result. In order to simplify matters a Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Opinion Procedure allowing for U.S. companies or nationals to request a statement of current Justice Department enforcement intentions under the antibribery provisions of the FCPA regarding proposed business conduct (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Antibribery Provisions, 2010). Actions for which the Department of Justice has issued an opinion confirming conformity to current policy will be entitled to a presumption, in any subsequent enforcement action. Copies are released of previous opinions can be found on the Department of Justices FCPA web site. To restate from above, observing local laws and being ethically sensitive we can keep ourselves and the company from costly legal troubles. Also, it is indeed only good manners to do so and will help buoy our position in the international community. More markets will be open to doing business with us and allowing us to do business in their backyard. Always be mindful of the FCPA and know that it can and will be enforced as it has been in the past on occasions when payments to officials of public international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank were made in violation. These cases can and should be researched for reference as well. Last, I would like to stress the importance of appointing a subject matter expert or experts preferably from the legal and or HR department who can educate all employees and in so doing keep the risks of inadvertent violations to a minimum. References Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Antibribery Provisions. (2010). Retrieved February 23, 2010, from UNited States Department of Justice: http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/docs/dojdocb.html Stimmel, Stimmel Smith, P.C. (2004). The Federal Corrupt Practices Act: The Basics. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Law Offices of Stimmel, Stimmel Smith A Professional Corporation: http://www.stimmel-law.com/articles/federal_corrupt_practices_act.html

An Analysis of Paul Laurence Dunbars We Wear the Mask :: We Wear the Mask Essays

An Analysis of Paul Laurence Dunbar's We Wear the Mask It has been said many time that "You can't judge a book by its cover" and "Don't judge a man until you have walked a mile in his shoes"? A person may appear one way on the outside but may be feeling the total opposite on the inside. He may be masking his true emotions with a false appearance. In "We Wear the Mask" it seems that Paul Laurence Dunbar is conveying this message to his audience. The African-American slaves of the early United States are prime examples of how emotions can be repressed. This group of people was treated with such disrespect and humiliation that it is understandable why they would mask their true thoughts and their emotions. To make their daily lives easier, they spoke and acted the ways that their white owners dictated. Their lives had, to a point, been taken away from them. But, there were some things that could never be taken away from them: their inner strength and their spirituality. No matter how a slave was treated, how hard he had to work, or how little he had, hedid have total control of his own thoughts and beliefs. Those things could never be taken from him. This poem cries out with the hurt that African-Americans, throughout history, suffered with. To be able to endure this daily persecution, these people had to draw on their inner strength. When Dunbar wrote,"With torn and bleeding hearts we smile," it is obvious of the agony felt and of how a smile is sometimes worn in order to camouflage one's true emotions. A deep, religious faith was a saving grace to these people as a whole. One's spirituality can carry them through even the most dreadful situations. This idea is evident when Dunbar penned the lines, "we smile,but, O great Christ, our cries To thee from tortured souls arise." When all else had failed, slaves could pray and feel that God had heard them. At last, their cries would be heard, their prayers answered, andtheir hearts relieved. We all have hide our emotions at one time or another. We put on false faces and pretend for many different reasons. We all lie, in one form or another, be it a big lie or a little white one. Whether it be to save our self or the feelings of another we should all remember the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (Luke 6:31).

Afirmative Action :: essays research papers

Affimative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is a plan to offset past discrimination in employing and educating women, blacks, and other minorities. It is the government's way of apologizing to ethnic groups for the injustices they have suffered. Affirmative action is supposed to preserve liberty and to improve race relations, but it is actually worsening them. It is not helping poor blacks; it is primarily helping well-to-do blacks. More effective programs should be implemented to take the place of affirmative action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minorities have been victims of the worst crime, the removal of God-given rights, but this country fought a bloody civil war to ensure those rights for all citizens. The Fourteenth Amendment gives all citizens the same privileges, but affirmative action gives preferential treatment to minorities. Minorities are citizens and should be treated as such; they should not be treated as dependent outcasts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government is forcing institutions of higher education to give up their demands of excellence in order to fulfill quotas. When admissions directors should be reading college essays, looking at GPA's, and reviewing recommendations, they are focusing on the applicant's gender or race. This is offensive toward all citizens. They should be judged on merit whether they are black or white, rich or poor, male or female. Minorities can be accepted into a college on merit, but fellow students will look down on them, thinking they have received preferential treatment. The same thing occurs in the workforce, antagonism builds toward minorities, and race relations worsen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action contradicts the Constitution and the American dream. The Constitution says everyone has equal privileges, and the American dream drives us to use those privileges to success. Afirmative Action :: essays research papers Affimative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is a plan to offset past discrimination in employing and educating women, blacks, and other minorities. It is the government's way of apologizing to ethnic groups for the injustices they have suffered. Affirmative action is supposed to preserve liberty and to improve race relations, but it is actually worsening them. It is not helping poor blacks; it is primarily helping well-to-do blacks. More effective programs should be implemented to take the place of affirmative action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minorities have been victims of the worst crime, the removal of God-given rights, but this country fought a bloody civil war to ensure those rights for all citizens. The Fourteenth Amendment gives all citizens the same privileges, but affirmative action gives preferential treatment to minorities. Minorities are citizens and should be treated as such; they should not be treated as dependent outcasts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government is forcing institutions of higher education to give up their demands of excellence in order to fulfill quotas. When admissions directors should be reading college essays, looking at GPA's, and reviewing recommendations, they are focusing on the applicant's gender or race. This is offensive toward all citizens. They should be judged on merit whether they are black or white, rich or poor, male or female. Minorities can be accepted into a college on merit, but fellow students will look down on them, thinking they have received preferential treatment. The same thing occurs in the workforce, antagonism builds toward minorities, and race relations worsen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action contradicts the Constitution and the American dream. The Constitution says everyone has equal privileges, and the American dream drives us to use those privileges to success.

Changing a Lifestyle in Only Six-Weeks :: Health Diet Nutrition Excersize Essays

Changing a Lifestyle in Only Six-Weeks Jennifer is a twenty-year-old college student struggling with body image issues. She is a size eight. She has never developed an interest in athletics and has never exercised in her life. She has no muscle tone and has a high body fat percentage. Jennifer is not confident about her body. She wants to be skinny and is constantly dieting. Instead of eating healthy and balanced meals, she skips meals often. When she does eat, she eats only fried foods like French fries and hamburgers and refuses to eat fruits and vegetables. Samantha is Jennifer's friend at college. She is an athlete. She is a runner and a weight lifter. She is training for the Boston Marathon, her second marathon, that is three months away. She runs for an hour three days a week and on the weekends runs for longer distances. She also weight lifts three times a week in the gym. Samantha is very confident and is in the best shape of her life. She eats a lot of fruits, vegetables, and lean protein. She has very defined muscles and a low body fat percentage. Jennifer admires Samantha's discipline in exercise and healthy eating, but she resists exercising and eating well. She is afraid to become too muscular and develop a manly physique. Jennifer strives to look like a supermodel, not like an athlete. Samantha encourages Jennifer to go to the gym to weight lift with her but Jennifer refuses. Jennifer lacks motivation and is not interested in participating in ?masculine? activities like bodybuilding. After months of coercing, Samantha finally convinces Jennifer to go to the gym with her. Jennifer succumbs because she hopes to meet some hot guys at the gym. Samantha convinces Jennifer to go to the gym with her three days a week for six weeks. After that, if she does not like it, Samantha will never bother her again about taking up an exercise regime. When Jennifer arrives for the first time at the gym, she is surprised to see how many women are working out with weights. Half of the people weightlifting are women. Jennifer also observes that the majority of women have very feminine physiques. They are muscular, lean, and have very attractive figures. Jennifer was expecting to see very few women weightlifting. In addition, she expected those women to be very muscular and masculine looking.

Education and Social Change

Education and Social Change Education in Technical Sense. Is the process by which society; through schools, colleges, universities, and other institutions, deliberately transmits its cultural heritage – its accumulated knowledge, values, and skills – from one generation to another. Social Change * a response to many type of change that take place on the social and non-social environment * Generally affected by the agents of socialization John Dewey * A prominent American philosopher and professor of the late 1800s and early 1900s * Father of Progressivism Progressivism was derived from pragmatism *John Dewey wrote the Essay on â€Å"Education and Social Change* EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE * â€Å"How schools† participate in the Social Change * Dewey supports the notion that society is constantly changing, and that education reflects, generates, and guides social change. * *There is some confusion in how the school lead the society *Definition by the â€Å"Conse rvatives† Conservatives Those People who are considered to be traditionalists. They want the old ways rather than the new ways. Conservatives are opposed to modernism and progressivism * Conservatives believe that schools should not influence or guide social change * They favor older types of study and â€Å"disciplinary methods† in schools (Dewey, 2001, p. 335). â€Å"Impotence of Education† * Those who represent dominant and economic political regime, together with the conservatives, believes that education does not influence social order or social change. * Economy is the influence, and education merely reflects this social order and the dominant economic class. * Nothing can hange without overthrowing this dominant economic class and replacing it with another, not even for education. * Dewey argues that if all of this were true, then any coup of the current dominant economic class would also have to bring with it other changes in the morals, mentality, and cu lture of society so that this new system/social order can survive * But Dewey finds no evidence that an economic change can solely make these other kinds of changes in society * Schools shape morals, mentality, and culture in agreement with the economic class. Education still plays a vital role in social change * Dewey states that schools and educators can: Dewey states that schools and educators can: a) continue to influence society without exploring b) employ a scientific method of teaching and learning that corresponds with the cultural forces that learning that corresponds with the cultural forces that cause social change. ) take a conservative approach and make schools a force of maintaining old order and rejecting any new a force of maintaining old order and rejecting any new forces that steer society away from this old social order. Democracy * Since Dewey argues that education infulences social change, then it must have some â€Å"frame of reference,† or else educatio n would be meaningless. * Democracy was the frame of reference No clear definition but involves active participation for society * Education was founded on the principle of equal opportunity * Acting and making decisions together helps build a better society. Psychosocial Development Theory * Erik Erikson * Based on an individual’s development * Trust vs Mistrust * Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt * Initiative vs Guilt * Industry vs Inferiority * Identity vs Role Confusion * Intimacy vs Isolation * Generativity vs Stagnation * Integrity vs Despair SUMMARY * John Dewey founded Progressivism Progressivism is the educational theory that supports active learning * John Dewey’s essay â€Å"Education and Social Change† tells us about how schools participate in Social Change * Conservatives disagree with Dewey because they believe that School should not affect the individual or the society * Some believe that it was the economy that’s responsible for social change an d education reflects the social orders * Dewey presented his points and made a strong point that what the Conservatives and others were pointing was wrong * Educational and Social change has a symbiotic relationship, they benefit from each other * Dewey wanted primarily was Educational Democracy * Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development helps us understand how an individual develops and understand himself, thus, he finds his position in the society.

How Do people make economic decisions Essay

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how decision-making affects the economy and people. It is obvious that free markets perform much better than communist markets. The decision making principals, according to this there are four decision making principals. In the first principal people will trade off, they will give something up for another thing they want. Making decisions means people will have to trade one goal for another. The second decision is giving up something when they already had one thing. People make trade off according to the economy. People have wants and needs therefore they need to choose carefully how to spend their income and resources. Choosing and item will benefit and cost, it will also mean that the person will not have the benefit of the item he or she gave up. Third the margin is thought of in this step. When considering the margin people will take into consideration the marginal benefit and only then if it exceeds the marginal cost. Last, people will react to incentives. People will react to price and benefits associated with their decision. My example of purchasing my first home was based on marginal cost and marginal benefit. I was renting an apartment in California and rents seem to be going up because the economy going down. People were losing their homes due to foreclosure and had to live somewhere. House prices were going down and rents going up, there was no telling when they were going to stop. I did the math and figured my mortgage would be the same if not lower with some money down. The marginal cost would be greater up front in the form of cost associated with purchasing a home. However, my marginal benefit in the long term would be even greater. Therefore, if rent was cheaper now, I would have to pay more the longer I stay in that apartment. The marginal benefit to purchasing a home would be the same for the following 30 years. The only incentive that would have led me to make a different decision is if they guaranteed my rent for the next 30 years. The economics related to the decision making and the working of the economy can be demonstrated by me purchasing a tool for my job. When I purchase tools I get the benefit of making money based on my ability to fix the customers gas turbines. The economy benefits the store where I purchase the tool makes money. When I fix a gas turbine it allows the customer to pump and produce millions a dollars a day, and they sell the product and make money, in turn they sell the gas to customers which, get to work and make money. A market economy is a type of economic system in which the trading and exchange of goods, services and information takes place in a free market (Market Economy, 2010). These types of markets are governed by supply and demand. A centrally planned economy like Cuba and North Korea decision are made by the government. Mixed economies rely in the state and the private sector to make decisions on the market economy and economic system. In a free market people purchase and sell services and goods. In this type of market people are free to interact. In a communist economy, such as Cuba and North Korea the government decides what needs to be produced and where to work. Decision can be based on marginal cost or marginal benefit; there is no doubt that they are a huge part of the consumer’s decisions to purchase goods. Whether it is the cost of buying a home or just a simple meal people will always weigh the cost of goods.

Domestic Tourism Essay

Whether it is to rest, discover new things, meet others or to have a unique experience, everyone has a right to tourism; in short, there are not, there should not be, and there cannot be two categories of human beings, those who can be tourists and those who can only receive them. These two activities are, in fact, but two sides of the same human activity; both of them are noble and respectable and everyone is entitled to them. Domestic tourism (DT), historically speaking, is in fact the first form of tourism that was practised and today it continues to account for the most part of this activity by far: it is estimated that out of the 4.8 billion tourist arrivals per year (2008 figure), 4 billion, or 83%, correspond to domestic tourism. Likewise, the UNWTO’s economists estimate that at the global level domestic tourism represents: * 73% of total overnights * 74% of arrivals and 69% of overnights at hotels * 89% of arrivals and 75% of overnights in other (non-hotel) accommodations In light of these impressive figures, one is prompted to ask three questions: 1. What are the characteristics of domestic tourism? 1. AS FOR ITS CHARACTERISTICS, especially when compared to international tourism, it is possible to start with three fundamental observations: * 11. In contrast to international tourists, domestic tourists know the destination, its language, its customs, its laws, its climate, its cultural context. This has at least two consequences: * 111. As a general rule, domestic tourists are more demanding, especially when it comes to the quality of products, and also with regard to their consumer-protection rights * 112. Out of the four main motivations of tourists (discovery, encountering others, experiencing something unique, resting) the last two are certainly more prominent among domestic tourists * 1121. They seek a very wide diversity of types of destinations and tourism activities, in other words, the range of product offerings should be as broad as possible. * 1122. At the same time, domestic tourism is practiced more in a sedentary (staying in the same place) than a nomadic manner, the latter being more suited for more distant destinations. * 12. Second characteristic: domestic destinations are nearer * 121. Visits are more frequent and there are more repeat stays, notably with family and especially in the rural region of provenance of many urban residents * 122. Land transport is predominantly used: 88% compared to 51% for international tourism * 13. Third characteristic: as the destination is nearer and land transport is used more, the cost of trips is lower: * 131.Given that the barrier represented by trip cost is brought down, domestic travellers seek the best price-quality ratio, or often the lowest possible price, in all segments of the tourism value chain: accommodation, food services, tourism activities, shopping, etc†¦ * 132. they therefore seek alternative, non-hotel accommodations because, among other things, they are going to return several times to the destination and, while there, they prepare subsequent stays by informing themselves about the local accommodation offerings * 133. last, but not least importantly, they stay for longer periods * 14. The combination of these three basic characteristics (knowledge and proximity of the destination, lower cost of transport) brings about an entire series of other consequences; five of them can be mentioned: * 141. The social composition is broader, and domestic tourism involves all social strata, from the richest to persons with modest (but stable) incomes * 142. Certain social categories are much more highly represented in domestic tourism than in international tourism: * families * children and teenagers * seniors * disabled persons * households with modest but stable incomes * 143. This social diversity gives rise to a large diversity in the demand, in terms of accommodation and tourism products as well as activities and destinations. * 144. DT is less geographically concentrated and is relatively better distributed throughout the national territory, with a strong presence in the region of provenance of families. * 145. Unit expenditure is markedly lower than in international tourism, especially interregional tourism, but the overall volume of expenditure is markedly higher. 2. What is its impact on the social life of a country or a region? Five types of main impacts can be mentioned: * 21. DT is much less sensitive to crises, whether economic (e.g., 2009: substitution effect), natural, health or political (e.g., 2005 civil unrest in France). It is therefore an excellent crisis shock-absorber, especially in the case of economic crises. * 22. Due to its income redistribution effect (from tourists to local populations) and its various multiplier effects all throughout the value chain, it is an excellent tool for territorial development, for example for: * zones under redevelopment: e.g., northern China, southern Poland, eastern Germany, northern France, Wales * zones of rural exodus * mountain regions (in France, extremely poor regions in the Alps at the start of the 20th century) * 23. It is an excellent instrument for easing social tensions: * by allowing social categories of modest income to gain access to holidays and rest * by preventing situations where the same people (from the same countries) are always the tourists and with the same people receiving them * 24. It can serve to launch a destination (e.g., some of the oldest resorts of European tourism; the very new resort of Mazagan, Morocco, launched in October 2009 for the domestic market) * 25. From the macroeconomic point of view, it makes it possible to amortize national spending on international tourism: * physical investments: transport, accommodation, development and protection of public spaces (examples of Languedoc, Costa del Sol, Chinese seashore resorts) * intangible investments, mainly training and quality 3. How can we develop strong domestic tourism? One caveat: There is no magic formula and much depends on the national and regional context. A second caveat: The development of domestic tourism should not be regarded as antagonistic or alternative to international tourism; these two forms of tourism are different to be sure, but they complement each other closely and one should not be neglected in favour of the other. It is nevertheless possible to identify some broad guidelines: 31. Diversifying and developing * 311. transport: * low-cost air transport: the comparative advantage of low-cost airlines vis-à  -vis â€Å"traditional† airlines has to do with reductions in ground costs: (headquarters, booking, stops) and turnaround rate: consequently, the shorter the flight, the more competitive low-cost airlines are; it is thus a means of transport that is particularly well-suited to domestic tourism * railway network and especially high-speed rail * road and highway network (e.g., French and Austrian Alps, US) * 312. accommodation * hotels: developing family-run hotels and voluntary chains of independent hotels (pooled marketing, promotion, sales and quality standards) * residences (self-catering by families) * seasonal rentals: notably by developing quality standards and encouraging the establishment of voluntary chains for sales and promotion * camping sites, by moving upmarket (e.g., Morocco) * rural inns: notably through incentives (tax or subsidy) for the renovation of old buildings (a lot of examples worldwide) * bed & breakfasts, by providing them with a legal framework that clearly distinguishes them from hotels (taxation, definition of products, quality standards) * youth hostels * categories for nature, sea and snow (avoiding the serious errors of France on the subject of safety and security regulations) * 32. Adapting accommodations to local demand: the matter of family composition, e.g., China, Europe, Arab countries. As a general rule, accommodations adapted to families are: * larger * lower: one or two storeys * allow greater autonomy: kitchens, washing machines†¦ * allow long stays (sedentary tourism) * 33. It needs consequently to address the matters of: * land costs and development; * very long-term public and semi-public financing; * tax policy * 34. Expanding the demand: this is the role of tourism for all, namely policies that consist in: * 341. Making the demand more solvent, that is, â€Å"boosting† the purchasing power of families with modest incomes through: * holiday vouchers (Italy, France, China) * specific subsidies to low-income families (France, Russia), to young people and to seniors (Spain) * preferential rates on rail transport for families, young people, seniors * 342. Subsidizing accommodations meant for social purposes: works councils, associations, local groups or governments (e.g., in Belgium, Mexico, Brazil) * 343. Developing accessibility for disabled persons. * 35. Developing structures for activity organization and promotion at the regional/provincial level and at the local level (tourism offices) This document is an adaptation of a lecture delivered during the  « Rencontre internationale sur le dà ©veloppement du tourisme domestique  » Algiers, 9 Dec. 2010

Pros and Cons of the Compulsory Military Service

Military Service is a course to create a fit and capable citizen with strong characters. For that reason we see that the majority of world countries obligate the young people to attend of the military service. Should men compulsory attend the military service? Are there any advantages or disadvantages of it? Supporters say that the military service is a very practical course through which young people would attend to learn a wide range of skills physically, morally an even psychologically.Parents at home can not offer their children all the principles that are needed for them to face the tough life bravely, wisely and steadily. But military service can offer a wide variety of programs through certain strategies developed by specialists to attain these noble goals. Contrary to that, the army requires individuals to fit into its pattern, or otherwise draftees become an object of ridicule among the others. Many sensitive young men are forced to be obedient and those who are not submissi ve to the strict rules are treated in a very brutal way. Read more about Pros and Cons Of ReligionIt may affect badly their psyches and cause unforeseen harmful results. Therefore, from a psychological point of view, conscription may beget more evil than good. The other argument against conscription is that it is, in fact, unnecessary in the modern world- we have less and less wars, and the real forces are well-trained, small troops consisting of people whose whole life is fighting, not skinny, hunchbacked teenagers suffering from asthma.What is more, nowadays the real strength of a country depends rather on well-qualified experts, able to operate complicated missiles than on the manpower. All in all, the military service should be optional, not compulsory, and everyone should be granted freedom of choice and not being forced to something against his plans, nature or individual character and world-view.

Canon- means a closed list of writings that are c Essays

Canon- means "a closed list of writings that are considered sacred scripture and hence authoritative." Torah- Torah (Law) Neviim-prophets Kethtuvim-writings Tanakh- previous 3 acronym Pentateuch Canonization- process of creating a canon of literature Criteria for canonization- Written before the fourth century BCE Written in Hebrew (with a few exceptions) Extent of use Use for worship/festival Biblical inerrancy- the doctrinal position that the scriptures are completely accurate and totally free of error in the original manuscripts Biblical infallibility- the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice are wholly useful and true. Views of inspiration Mechanical Dictation Plenary Verbal Illumination Dynamic Multi-methodological Inclusivity of the text Septuagint- an ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament Textual criticism- "a methodology for deciding which wording should be followed in cases where the copies disagree" Types of variants Mistakes: misseen or misheard word; skipped a phrase; repeated a phrase etc. Intentional changes: trying to improve a text or reading Cultural changes Theological changes Sense changes Critical text- collection of all of the differences between manuscript copies of any text and the publication of all significant ones Translation- the process of translating words or text from one language into another Source language- original language which is being translated Target language- a language into which test is being translated Formal Equivalence- word for word Dynamic Equivalence- sense for sense" Historical Criticism- interpreting a text by trying to understand its original setting and audience Source Criticism- effort to discover the sources or documents behind a text behind a text and to explore how the sources were combined into larger units Form Criticism- pays particular attention to a text's genre and structure with an eye to the historical setting out of which it arose Redaction Criticism- study of how already existing textual units -narratives of incidents, laws proverbs , or other isolatable pieces (through using Source Criticism) were combined into larger texts by the activities of editors, called "redactors" Reader Response Criticism- analyzes a text by looking at the relationship between the text and its reader including the clues within the text that guide the reader in drawing meaning from it Literary Criticism- borrows literary critical approaches and applies them to the biblical text Torah- : Hebrew, "instruction" JEDP theory J (Yahwist, J from German Jahwe or Yahweh) E (Elohist from Elohim) D (Deuteronomist) P (Priestly) Primeval History- Chapters 1-11: Deals with material from the creation of the world up to the call of Abram in chapter 12 Ancestral History- Chapters 12-50: Begins with the calling of Abram to leave Ur in chapter 12 and relates the stories of the generations after Abraham Toledot- - serves to link together various parts of the text "each of which guides the reader to the major focus of the next section Genesis- derives from the greek word for "origin" or "birth," taken from the Septuagint Bereshit- 1st word in Genesis and the name of the book in the Hebrew text, means "in the beginning" or "when beginning" Exegesis- Greek "lead into" the explanation or interpretation of the meaning of a written text; Imago Dei0- (a) Mans is to be a representative of God on earth (b) man is to be a reflection of God on earth. Abraham Isaac Jacob A. Encounter between Jacob/Esau (25: 21-34; 27) B. Encounter with God and departure from home (28) C. Acquisition of wives, Leah and Rachel (29:1-30) D. Fertility: The birth of Jacob's children (29:31-30:24) D. Fertility: the growth of Jacobs's flock (30: 25-43) C.' Jacob's removal of his wives from their father's household (31: 1-32: 1) B.' Encounter with God on return home (32:22-32) A.' Reunion encounter between Jacob and Esau (33: 1-33: 17) Rebekah Israel Sarahh Binding of Isaac . Prologue (11.28-30) B. First Challenge: call for Abraham to leave family of origin (12:1-3) C. Wife-sister story (12:10-13:1) D. Separation from Lot (13:2-18) E. Covenant of pieces with Abraham (14-15) F. Hagar-Ishmael Story (16:1-14) E.' Covenant of Circumcision with Abraham D.'Hospitality/progeny episodes; Abraham contrasted with Lot (18-19) C.' Wife-sister story (20) B.' Final Challenge: Calls for Abraham to let go of Gamily of future (21:8-21; 22:1-19) A.' Epilogue 22: 20-24 Structure of Genesis 1 Sabbath Etiology- an explanation for a name, and event, a custom or ritual, or a natural phenomenon. An etiological story is one that posits a particular cause (not necessarily correctly) for something Themes in Creation Genesis Ezer Kenegdo Adam/Adamah Boundary Corruption Progressive Corruption Anthropomorphic Cain Abel Seth Covenant Noachide Covenant Themes in Gen. 1-11 Abrahamic Covenant 1. I will make you a great nation (v 2) 2. I will bless you and make your name great (v. 2) 3. Bless those who bless you, curse those who curse you (v. 3) 4. In you all of the families of the earth

My Favorite Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Favorite Place - Essay Example This essay uses imagery, personification, alliteration, and simile to describe my favourite place.   One of the most exciting parts about visiting McDonald's is visual. As a child, my parents would not tell me that we were going out to eat and then suddenly I would see the car turn the corner and the golden arches would appear. Like a hungry child, they appeared to me like they would a lake or water source to a water-starved person in the desert. [SIMILE] As an adult, while I don’t have this some fanatical appreciation for the site, there is an understanding that it only takes driving for a few moments before I can find these arches and buy a familiar meal. Finally, upon entering the restaurant there is an expansive visual display of colors and delicious food that heightens my appreciation. Another major part of my appreciation for the restaurant is tactile. As a child perhaps I felt this most prominently when I would visit the playground. After eating, my brother and I would run out to the playground and begin throwing the balls around like they were water balloons. [IMAGERY] The playground was almost like a living component of the restaurant, without its many twists and turns. [PERSONIFICATION] We would then have the toys from the happy meal to play with. We would play with these by moving them around or changing the various components, for many hours. Indeed, they became a major part of my long-term enjoyment of McDonald's. The final part of my enjoyment of McDonald's is tasting the food. Undoubtedly, tasting the food is the central part of my appreciation of McDonald's. The French fries taste simply sensational; the burgers are just as good. [ALLITERATION] While as an adult I recognize that the food is unhealthy, it is oftentimes impossible to resist. I vividly can recall the taste of the McChicken, the Big Mac, or the many desserts.  

Criticizing Coynes Theory Of Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criticizing Coynes Theory Of Evolution - Essay Example In chapter one Coyne, presents his own understanding of evolution, stating the main misunderstanding of scientific approaches to evolution and the issue of theory based on creationist approach (Coyne, 2009). Though he presents evidence to support his idea, revolution he does not clearly explain the stages of evolution. Again, this theory has raised several controversies as many individuals reject the theory. America’s Discovery Institute resists the theory (Shubin, 2008). Coyne’s explanation of the theory does not cover all the areas such as climatic changes and how it affects the way organisms evolve over time. In my view, climatic changes should affect the way then organisms evolve. Religious movements on their own understanding reject the theory as they believe that God created the world on 6 days and has nothing to do with evolution. He, therefore, failed to convince the religious leaders. If he was sure of his work, Coyne would have been able to integrate evolution and religion for his ideas to be widely accepted (Shubin, 2008). The way he handles the Creationist approach is questionable and puts him in a total mess. To add to the controversy, Coyne considers man as the creator and says that the creator would not make organisms. In chapter two, he analyses the evidence to support his theory. He briefly gives an overview of the fossils as evidence of evolution (Coyne, 2009). He further gives the challenges undergone by paleontologists in a bid to get fossils, strengths, and weaknesses of fossil records and the role it plays to justify evolution. Despite the challenges to gather information and data, paleontologists have done great work to achieve the best. In contrast, these are presentations of evolutionary arguments and evidence but the issue that brings out questions is the failure to relate fossils evidence and creationist approach.

Surveillance and Safety Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surveillance and Safety Assignment - Essay Example However, CCTV surveillance in public places has more benefits than disadvantages because of its ability to deter and solve crime, create a feeling of safety while in public, and promote local economies. CCTV surveillance reduces the rate of crimes since people are less likely to commit crimes in full view of the camera. Crimes that are common in public places include muggings and selling drugs. These crimes tend to take place in dark alleys away from the view of existing CCT cameras. CCTV cameras at road junctions can deter drivers from running traffic lights thereby preventing road accidents from happening. The efficacy of CCTV cameras in reducing crimes is demonstrated by one of the first CCTV system installed in 1987 at King’s Lynn, UK which significantly reduced incidents of burglary and criminal damage (Fay 316). CCTV camera footage can help to identify criminals who commit crimes. For instance the terrorist behind the bombing during the Boston marathon were identified from CCTV cameras. The use of CCTV footage is widespread in solving crimes where police post footages of suspected criminals and the public can participate in their identification. Advancement in facial r ecognition software enable CCTV cameras to identify demographic information of a suspected criminal such as approximate age, height, race, and build giving police more data to help solve crimes. CCTV surveillance cameras create a feeling of safety in public places. This is because everyone knows there are being watched. The police monitor CCTV cameras at all time giving them real time information of conditions in various areas. While CCTV cameras cannot prevent determined criminals from committing crimes such as a street shooting, stabbing or a hit and run, the cameras can alert the necessary authorities such as police who monitor them. This allows for help to reach the victims sooner and may save lives when an ambulance is able to get to an injured person

What is my position on drug testing welfare recipients to receive Research Paper

What is my position on drug testing welfare recipients to receive their benefits - Research Paper Example Also this topic affects those who are and are not on welfare. Smith, Phillip.  Welfare. Digital image.  Raising Awareness of the Consequences of Prohibition. N.p., 26 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. In my research I have found to be two sides to this argument â€Å"Proponents say testing would help the recipients and protect taxpayers. Opponents argue that the practice is unconstitutional and mean-spirited.† (Vitter 141) Both parties make really convincing arguments and surely drove me crazy trying to choose a side â€Å"The proponents of drug testing welfare argue that it is irresponsible for any government to fund people who they know are using drugs† (Chelsea 2). It is true that there are drug addicts everywhere but let us faces the facts; they buy their drugs with their own money and do not depend on any government to finance their addiction. It is therefore illogical for any person on welfare to be addicted to any sort of drugs since they cannot even fend for the mselves and instead depend on welfare funds. Governments provide unemployed people with some amount of money to enable them take care of themselves as well as their children. However, it is common that most people on welfare do not use this money well and instead use it on drugs and other activities that are not beneficial at all. Statistics from the Temporary Assistance for the Needy says that around 50% of all people on welfare programs are addicted to drugs. â€Å"The results suggested that, contrary to popular opinion, most welfare recipients were not alcohol- or other drugdependent.† (Chelsea 2) it is also shown that out of this population, 75% cannot fend for themselves because of their dependency on drugs. ... This means that it is because of drugs that almost 40% of all people in welfare programs are on this programs. â€Å"It is therefore illogical for governments and other nongovernmental organizations to give out money to these same people to continue with their lifestyle† (Debate club 11). This is the reason why most people propose that before anyone enters a welfare program, they need to be tested to ensure that we are not funding drug addicts to continue with their addiction problems. Most politicians and other stakeholders argue that if this system is put in place, not only will most of the drug addicts stop due to financial constraints, they will have to so that they can get a chance to get into the program. This is therefore a long-term strategy to reduce drug abuse in the US. Debate club, â€Å"a meeting of the sharpest minds on the days most important topics†, 6 Match . 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013 When this matter got to the senate, it was an arguable issue and most p roponents argued that aid has to be provided based on reciprocal obligation. Reaction to the result from tested prisoners which showed that â€Å"Welfare-receiving arrestees were more likely to test positive for benzodiazepines (16 percent vs. 7 percent,/? < 0.01) and opiates (13 percent vs. 6 percent, p < 0.05)† (Yacoubian, 143)This was aThis means that whenever aid is given, there has to be some obligation by the person receiving this kind of help. â€Å"In West Virginia, delegate CraigBlair wants all welfare recipients to undergo drug testing as a condition of receiving welfare, unemployment compensation,† (Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 1)This has to apply

Critical reading reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical reading reflection - Essay Example benefits such as leave for maternal and paternal applications; child-related issues (tax exemption, according family allowances, provision of social welfare assistance); and child support when in custody of the state or through foster parents. From among the assessment measures that Krull discussed, the impact on policies to child and adult poverty was comprehensively presented, to include historical and comparative performance from the time policymakers passed a resolution that earmarked the need to eradicate child poverty by the year 2000 (Krull). An evaluation was likewise reviewed on the implications of policies implemented on child care where it was recommended that a closer look at Quebec’s family policy model which actively implements a universal child care program and addresses poverty of the family through taking into consideration facets of addressing unemployment. As such, it was proposed that Quebec’s family policy model should be emulated for more effective results. One strongly believes that the main points that were presented and discussed by the author have been duly supported and validated. The issues on family and child-related policies were effectively discussed using the most appropriate choice of benefits that were accessed. A discussion of the assessment measures was also validated as a means to measure the performance of these policies and the outcomes that ensued from the times relevant resolutions were enacted. The discussion on the effect of the resolution aiming to eradicate child poverty, for instance, was presented in a comprehensive and cohesive manner which were supported using statistics and the support from credible secondary sources. The overall discussion of main issues used reliable and credible support through narrative discourse, historical references, statistics, and provision of examples. The structure of overall presentation was clear and straightforward through the use of logical approach. A theoretical framework

The smoking bans on university and college campuses Research Paper

The smoking bans on university and college campuses - Research Paper Example While these smoking bans are beneficial to smokers, the bans are primarily being undergone to protect the rights and ensure the health of those exposed to secondhand smoke. Many smokers fight for their rights to smoke in public with the argument that â€Å"smokers and nonsmokers alike have to learn to share their space† (Smith, 2012). However, this stance is riddled with holes, the largest being that, by being forced to share space, people who choose not to smoke are still being subjected to the toxins that smokers insist on. Nonsmokers are not given the opportunity to be in public smoke-free environments because the smoke does not stay in one place but wafts in all directions, leaving nonsmokers with very little choice in the way of clean air. As such, these smoking bans on university campuses, and in other public locations, seek to protect the rights, and the health, of nonsmokers (Fortin, 2007). They are being put in harm’s way when someone else decides to light up a cigarette, a choice that nonsmokers seldom have a say in. These bans will give nonsmokers the protection that their health requires. Similarly, â€Å"comprehensive smoking bans can reduce secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers† (CDC, 2007). Secondhand smoke has proven to be more dangerous than the smoke inhaled through a cigarette. This is due to the fact that filters in cigarettes remove the most deadly toxins as smokers inhale, thereby allowing them to not inhale all of the toxins. Those exposed to secondhand smoke do not get the benefit of the filters, and are left to to wade through the harsh smoke, toxins and all. These proposed and active smoking bans protect employees and students from exposure to secondhand smoke on college campuses (ANR, 2012). While smokers are inhaling dangerous toxins themselves, they are leaving behind something much deadlier for those who have made an active decision not to smoke. Essentially, nonsmokers are being punished for the choices made by smokers,

International Trade Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Trade Logistics - Essay Example If it is the case of recycling, the process includes what is beyond the final consumer. The international management of logistics involves the movements of goods, services and people also. It depends on the nature of transport. For example, in case of airlines, the movement of people dictates the movement of aircraft and thus the movement of cargo. The movement of the people beyond the borders in search of employment also can be termed as a part of international logistics. This is because they are the human resource for the companies and they move towards the company. Yet times not only the goods, even people move towards the goods. This also can be considered as logistics operation. If the borders of any two nations are peaceful, the people cross the border in search of employment, livelihood and bargains that are unavailable at home. 1 One cannot define to pin point logistics or its systems. At present the logistics is seen as the activities that facilitate the different cycles in the supply chain. They are customer order cycle, the replenishment cycle, the manufacturing cycle, and the procurement cycle. The international logistics involves the movement across the borders of different countries. Naturally the movements between any two countries are complex in nature when compared to domestic movements. These movements when involve ships need to move through port and being at sea is time consuming. Some companies and people prefer this because this is the cheapest mode of transport. When the time taken for the transport is more, the differences between the time zones will make the movements a bit complex. The documentation required for the international shipping adds to the complex nature of the movements through ships. The documentation required for international movement involves the need of employment of experts regarding the documentation. This is due to the inventory in transit management involved in the transportation. The inventory in place increases the information management complexity and demands of international logistics. The company involved in international business should have an international logistics department that is responsible for the management of communications. The department will plan for the communications, control of the logistics activities. 2 3. International Transportation and Trade Facilitation The international transportation and trade facilitation is facing many challenges due to the explosive growth in trade between the nations. As a result the transportation is being faster and flexible to facilitate trade. This involves the fast moving container ships and improved container handling practices along with intermodal systems. This resulted in privatization of transport and information industries and this is a need for the interna