Digitally Divided Canada

Presently, the world experiences a major and radical transformation primarily because of information and technological revolution. Almost everyday, history witnesses the birth of highly sophisticated gadgets and equipments that have literally altered the lives of many individuals. Nowadays, the hindrances brought about by geographical, spatial and time constraints, no longer affect mankind. In a blink of an eye, tasks which usually take several days or months to be accomplished can be readily addressed with just a single click.Evidently, Marshall McLuhan’s notion of the global village (Baran & Davis, 2006) is no longer a theoretical argument—the global village has readily developed, thus making each and every individual, regardless of their age, social status, race and ethnicity more connected and interactive than ever. Relatively, the establishment of the information superhighway did not only increase the connectedness of different groups and communities. More than any thing else, such situation is instrumental in opening the doors for various opportunities for growth and development within the national level.Canada for example, experienced a major economic shift with the introduction of Information and Communications Technology, or more popularly known s ICT (â€Å"Canada’s Journey,† 2003). A country which was once heavily dependent on its marine and agricultural resources, is now capitalizing on the benefits and advantages of their so-called â€Å"knowledge economy (â€Å"Canada’s Journey,† 2003). † As a matter of fact, the country is considered as one of the most competitive forces within the information technology industry (â€Å"Canada’s Journey,† 2003).However, while it is true that technology fueled Canada’s economic expansion, one of the pressing issues that the country needs to confront is digital divide. Digital divide is a serious social concern that cannot be simply described as a battle between those who are considered as technologically rich and technologically poor. More than anything else, the implications of digital divide tend to contribute to the worsening of the social, economic and cultural gap. These kinds of division are most especially felt between rural and urban settlers.If technology is said to govern man’s life, clearly, those who cannot fully avail of modern tools and equipment are also denied of exploiting technology’s benefits. Evidently, those that are living in the rural area are placed in very uncompromising situations in as far as being â€Å"digitally-connected† is concerned. Given this situation at hand, one may readily ask, how does digital divide affect the marginalization of rural settlers in Canada? For this particular discussion, the statistics presented in the Canadian Social Trends and The Daily was primarily used.Information in such sites is highly significant since it basically provides a wider view on h ow the whole Canadian populace utilizes the internet. However, the above-mentioned sites do not only dabble with internet usage alone. They also provided substantial discussions regarding the availability of personal computers in both rural and urban Canada. On the other hand, another major source that is used to support the arguments of this report is the E-government studies of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).In OECD, however, the facts presented are comparisons of internet usage in the global scale. Such information is therefore necessary to be included in this analysis since it presents an overview on how far Canada has fared when it comes to global connectedness and how its current situation contributes to the digital divide experienced by the country. In understanding digital divide in Canada, it is highly important to first understand how information technology works in the country.It is also impetus to know the percentages of individuals who can readily access to have a substantial articulation of the matter. In addition to that, the inputs from the OECD contribute in a much deeper examination of how digital divide affects not only Canada, but also in other parts of the world. This Mc Laren (2002) discussed that mostly of the individuals who own computers are located in Census Metropolitan Areas (CMA) and Census Agglomerations (CA). This is in stark contrast to those who are residing in rural and small towns.More than 50 to 60% of those living in CMAs and CAs have computers at home, whereas, only 40 to 50% of those in the rural areas posses such equipment (please refer to Figure 1 of Appendix). There are two reasons that can possibly explain this particular situation. First, it can be argued in here that urban settings can easily adapt to major technological shifts and transformations. This would not come as much of a surprise since major cities and areas are considered as the center of commerce and trade. In an area l ooming with various business opportunities, the use of an efficient technological platform is a must.Business endeavors that aspire to be globally competitive must take advantage of technology’s positive effects and contributions. Thus, individuals in this area become more aware about the uses and purposes of any technologically-related material. Another reason behind that is the high purchasing power of urban settlers. Suppliers of high-end technological products readily targets consumers in the city since they know that highly urbanized areas can provide them with a solid market base. On the other hand, as for the case of rural residents, digital connectedness seems to fall short.This primarily stems from the existing income discrepancies between the two groups. McLaren (2002) found out that those who earn less than $20,000 in rural areas can hardly afford to have their own computer. Only 20% (please refer to Figure 2 of Appendix) of rural settlers are capable of purchasing personal computers. However, for urban dwellers who also earn less than $20,000, more than 30% (please refer to Figure 2 of Appendix) of the population has their own computers . The same situation is reflected as for the case of those who are earning beyond $20,000.Based from a critical perspective, if Canadians in rural are literally outnumbered when it comes to having access to computers, then it is also relative that is harder for them to acquire internet access as well. While it is true that individuals from both rural and urban areas tend to have the same income, the availability of computers in cities is more prevalent compared to small towns. This means that an urban dweller, despite of the fact that he or she earns less than $20,000, can still own a computer primarily because in the city, one can always find cheaper alternatives.Computer providers in such areas are engaged into a stiff competition that compels them to lower their prices so that they can tap their potential markets. On the other hand, the availability of computer suppliers in rural areas is less than those in highly urbanized ones. Competition is hardly felt and therefore, these suppliers can demand their prices. Relatively, computers sold in rural sectors are literally more expensive than those that are found in the city.Given this aspect at hand, if Canadians in rural areas cannot avail of the basic equipment or material used in connecting via the internet, then it would be harder for them to participate into the digital world. It would be more difficult for these individuals to be updated on recent technological trends and developments. In addition to that, the lack of computers also prevents these individuals from making the most of Canada’s robust knowledge economy. Also, it is important to note that computers nowadays cannot only assist Canadians in connecting through the internet.Computers are also instrumental in making work processes and transactions much faster and eas ier as compared to manual work. One must always bear in mind that digital divide does not merely focus on the capacity to connect online; it is also the ability of owning the required technological platforms or materials. In the meantime, in as far as internet access is concerned, thus, it would not come as too much of a surprise of urban households are more connected. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2003), from 1999 to 2001, 33.6% of rural homes in Canada have internet connection, whereas a total of 44. 4% of urban settlers enjoy internet services (please see of Appendix). There is no doubt that the internet is a good source of knowledge and information. Relevant data and statistics found in the World Wide Web contribute to empowering and educating individuals. However, with the current situation of rural Canada, they are evidently left behind. Take for example the case of students which primarily uses the internet for research aid and purpo ses.The ones located in urban areas enjoy the benefits of acquiring significant facts and figures that cannot be ordinarily seen in local libraries and other academic sources. Individuals in the urban areas are also able to exploit government services via the internet. It is also important to note that online business opportunities are easily accessed by urban residents since they have the tool to do so. Apparently, the digital divide tends to exclude individuals from the rural sector from using technology to further empower themselves and seek for other opportunities for growth and development.There is an evident inequality in digital divide that basically originates from the unequal distribution of wealth and power. More than anything else, it should be always remembered that only those who have access to a wide array of providers and are financially adequate to participate into the digital arena, are the ones who are most likely to benefit from them. Relatively, these two conditi ons (access to providers and financial adequacy) are commonly found in metropolitan areas. Income disparity is indeed a key factor in the proliferation of digital divide and marginalization of rural Canada.As a matter of fact, one of the primary reasons that prohibit Canadians in rural areas from utilizing the internet is the â€Å"costs† associated with it (McLaren, 2002). The other reason corresponds to the absence of necessary skills and training (McLaren, 2002). In addition to that the geographical economic conditions of rural sectors in Canada are also important factors in analyzing digital divide and its implications. Transforming small towns into a digitally active community translates to building the necessary infrastructures.Thus, in as far as internet and communication providers are concerned; an area should be highly feasible for business operations and profitability before they finally consider the idea of building internet-related structures (Siegan & Walzer, 200 3). Unfortunately, if the concerned area does not qualify to the business needs of providers, then digital connectedness is less likely to grow and flourish. Not unless the Canadian government creates yet another solid and concrete plan to establish technological infrastructures in rural domains, then people living in these areas would remain digitally left behind.The effects of digital divide in rural Canada however cannot be only felt on the economic disadvantages of rural residents. Aside from the tacit or unconscious information monopoly of those that are technologically rich, there is also an apparent exclusion of the technologically inept from participating in issues that require utmost concerns (Jones, 2003). For how can somebody participate if he or she is not well-informed? Aside from that, rural residents are somehow denied of articulating their interests, views and opinions.It is no secret that the internet provides forums and sites wherein participants can express their sentiments and generate possible solutions. It is through the net that groups with similar orientations converge. However, it is pretty difficult for rural settlers to be involved if in the first place, they are not that digitally connected. Another thing to be considered is that the digital divide tends to delimit rural Canada from availing the services of the government on an easier pace (Marshall, Taylor & Yu, 2003). The government use of internet is indeed commendable.However, this would be still useless if not the majority of the populace can readily utilize it. Digital divide between urban and rural residents require immediate action. The opportunities brought forth by technology should not be limited into very few hands. If there is anyone who must be technologically empowered, it is no other than the ones in rural settings primarily because they are the ones who really need it, not the other way around. In as much as technological infrastructures are progressively establishe d in urban areas, then more efforts should be exerted in the rural sectors.

Analyzing “Deculturization”

Deculturalization refers to the â€Å"stripping away of a people's culture and replacing it with a new culture† (Spring 1). Deculturalization is one of the most inhumane acts one can partake in. A person's culture is his/her main defining feature. Culture is the medium through which people communicate their beliefs, values, and morals. Inserting one's own culture in place of someone's pre-existing culture is the basis of ethnocentrism. People have repeatedly become victims of deculturalization, especially in the United States, and by analyzing this ethnocentrism one learns the importance of sustaining different cultures in society. There are many methods of deculturalization, such as segregation, isolation, and forced change of language. When the content of curriculum reflects culture of dominant group, it is deculturalization. Also, dominated groups are not allowed to express their culture and religion, which is deculturalization. Use of teachers from the dominant group to teach those that are dominated is another form of deculturalization (Spring 49).†The problem was the assumption that U.S. institutions, customs, and beliefs were the best in the world and they should be imposed† (Spring 42). Throughout much of the past century, the United States sought to stamp its cultural ideal upon almost all peoples who existed within its realm of influence. It is only through the relatively modern ideology of multiculturalism and the celebration of diversity that the United States has begun to make amends for the injustices it has committed on other cultures. Today, with multiculturalism entering into the classrooms and other realms, different cultures are finally getting the attention they deserve. The American idea of cultural and racial superiority began in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with the colonization of northeast America by predominantly Anglo Saxon colonists. Ironically, the colonists came to America to escape persecution for their religious beliefs. The Anglo Saxon attitude of cultural superiority was a largely Protestant value that remained prevalent for much of the twentieth century (Spring 2-4). The educational impact of this elitist attitude was far-reaching. The most immediate effects were seen in the destruction of Native American culture and peoples. Efforts to ‘civilize' the Native Americans through the use of schooling began in 1819 and continued until the late 1920's. The first schools were the result of Christian missionaries' efforts to gain converts. English was the only language spoken in these schools, and the Native American culture was looked upon poorly. Some earlier efforts were made to adapt to Native American culture, including the development of a written Cherokee language. This knowledge, however, was used to impart Anglo-Protestant values and religion (Spring 18-21). Out of almost all of the other cultures, Native Americans are the most exploited. Not only was their culture subverted and their people forced to move, but also the Native Americans still today are trying to regain their cultural identity. It was only during the late 20's that the effects of this cultural genocide became apparent. With the Meriam Report, published in 1928, the inhumane treatment of Native Americans was brought to the public eye, and this made way for the establishment of progressive day schools where Native Americans could integrate their culture. Ever since, Native Americans have struggled to regain an identity of their culture. Along with Native Americans, some of the same injustices were inflicted upon Puerto Rico where the same rules of deculturalization applied to the education systems. Puerto Rico became a colony of the United States in the 1890's as a result of the Spanish-American War. The apparent Americanization of Puerto Rico centered in the schools where patriotic exercises emphasized American allegiance. English became the official language of the schools, and English proficiency became a qualification to obtain a Puerto Rican teaching license. The Puerto Ricans resisted this deculturalization, causing strong tension in the 1920's, while they struggled to declare independence. Eventually, attempts at deculturalization fell beneath global civil rights movements in the 1950's and 1960's. Despite this, the educational system of Puerto Rico was severely limited for many years. During the same time that the Puerto Ricans were struggling to regain their national culture and heritage, African Americans were struggling to overcome centuries of racial discrimination. Early in the 20th century, most African Americans seemed helplessly mired in a class system that sought to keep them poorly educated to provide a supply of cheap labor. W.E.B. DuBois, founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, wanted to provide a different type of education for African Americans that would focus on encouraging leadership and protection of the legal and social rights of their communities. These schools would also create a constant awareness of their position within the white majority. DuBois saw great potential in the education of teachers because, once educated, they could impart their learning to countless others (Spring 67). DuBois' dream seemed to be achieved in the 1930's when common schools for African American children were finally erected. Although a large part of the funding was donated, black parents contributed the majority of the funds. While this was a great step forward for African American children, these schools later provided the rationale for segregation outside of the often better-funded white schools. Asian Americans were the largest group affected b the Naturalization Act of 1790, where non-white immigrants were excluded from American citizenship. A ‘white person' was an immigrant from Western Europe; no other groups were considered ‘white.' With the Anglo-Americans feeling threatened by the Chinese Americans, they sought to limit immigration through legislation. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, prohibiting Chinese immigration. The Chinese Americans were sent to segregated schools because they were not classified as a ‘white' person. This policy of segregation broke down by the early 1900's, when the board of education had to let Chinese youths attend the regular city high school. After the United States conquest of Mexico, the attitude of racial, religious, and cultural superiority was reflected on both the treatment of Mexicans who remained in American after the conquest and later Mexican immigrants. Segregated schools, housing, and discrimination in employment became the Mexican American heritage. President James Polk sent an army to protect the Texas border, causing a military reaction by Mexico which resulted in the U.S. declaring war on Mexico. The war allowed former Mexican citizens to obtain U.S. citizenship, but did nothing to resolve problems of the Anglo Americans feelings of superiority. One of the important consequences of this negative action against Mexicans was to make it easier for American settlers to gain land in the area. Racism served as a justification for economic exploitation. These racist attitudes permeated the life of the cattle ranches established in southern Texas during what is referred to as the â€Å"cowboy era† (Spring 80). This deculturalization of the Mexican Americans is yet another example of the ethnocentrism that engulfed Anglo Americans. Deculturalization has been a very sad occurrence since the beginning of America, and only recently has this problem started to be alleviated. The impacts of deculturalization have been very negative on society, but mostly on the education system. Today, teacher education revolves around multiculturalism and valuing the differences in cultures. Until this idea reaches all realms of society, however, the United States will not be completely free from the negative aspects of deculturalization, which swept through the country for many years. Knowledge is half the battle, though, and the more people are educated on other cultures, the more people will begin to appreciate other cultures.

Earth Day Essay

The subject of Earth Day has been covered intensively by the world press over the past decade. Many an afternoon has been enjoyed by a family, bonding over the discussion of Earth Day. Until recently considered taboo amongst polite society, it is yet to receive proper recognition for laying the foundations of democracy. Often it is seen as both a help and a hinderence to global commercial enterprises, who are yet to grow accustomed to its disombobulating nature. Complex though it is I shall now attempt to provide an exaustive report on Earth Day and its numerous ‘industries’. Social Factors There is cultural and institutional interdependence between members of any community. When Thucictholous said ‘people only know one thing’ [1] he saw clearly into the human heart. Difference among people, race, culture and society is essential on the survival of our world, however Earth Day raises the question ‘why?’ Recent thought on Earth Day has been a real eye-opener for society from young to old. It grows stonger every day. Economic Factors There has been a great deal of discussion in the world of economics, centred on the value of Earth Day. We shall examine the Fish-Out-Of-Water model. Taking special care to highlight the role of Earth Day within the vast framework which this provides. Oil Prices Earth Day What a splendid graph. Obviously oil prices sings a very different tune. Perhaps to coin a phrase Earth Dayeconomics will be the buzz word of the  century Political Factors No man is an island, but what of politics? Comparing the general view of politics held by the poor of the west with those of the east can be like comparing. Consider this, spoken at the tender age of 14 by jazz singer Bonaventure H. Amster ‘Taking a walk across hot coals will inevitably hurt your feet.’ [2] This quotation leads me to suspect that he was not unaccustomed to Earth Day. It speaks volumes. History tells us that Earth Day will always be a vote winner, whether we like it, or not. Why did Earth Day cross the road? – To get to the other side! Just my little joke, but lets hope that Earth Day doesn’t inspire similar hilarity in the next elections. Conclusion To conclude, Earth Day parades along man’s streets and man waves back. It fills a hole, invades where necessary and always chips in.

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Manuscript Introduction and Methods Sections - Essay Example Indeed, such a compound might prevent the occurrence of the withdrawal phase and dysregulation of the reinforcement mechanism that is known to be involved in compulsive smoking. Tobacco smoke contians several substances. Of them, nicotine appears to be the critical reinforcing component of tobacco smoke. A large body of evidence implicates a4b2 nAChrs in the reinforcing effects of nicotine. The initial effect of nicotine is probably to activate 42-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area; however, it is likely that these receptors are rapidly desensitized, whereas nicotine produces a sustained effect on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (Foll and George, 2007). Bupropion and varenicline are accepted as therapy for niocotine addiction. Bupropion can block nicotinic receptor function. varenicline however is a partial agonist or an antagonist depending on the state of activation of the a4b2 receptors. Through its intrinsic partial activation of the 42-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, varenicline may elicit a moderate and sustained increase in mesolimbic dopamine levels, which would counteract the low dopamine levels encountered in the absence of nicotine during smoking cessation attempts.

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Community development nursing Written assignment - Essay Example To determine the role of the community nurses, the ecological factors that foster the substance abuse problems in this age group were determined, again through the review of literature. The current approach can be based on preventive approach designed through knowledge about these factors, many of which individual, familial, and social may be effectively controlled through social modifications. Awareness about this problem would thus be most important. From the community nursing point of view, due to the scope of exposure and interaction with the individuals within the community may help deliver care to those who are affected and prevent the risk factors that may prove to serve the purpose of achieving control on this problem. Worldwide, the recent reports from mental health care and primary care facilities indicate the significant importance of community health and public health policies in care for substance abuse and mental health disorders. Despite government initiatives, it is unfortunate that research in this area is limited since there is a paucity of literature on substance abuse services or related mental health intervention approaches provided in the community care settings (Druss, et al. 2006). More pertinent may be the fact that with the changing scenarios of this problem, how the services can be adjusted or evolved over time. Therefore the question arises how the community practitioner delivers the care necessary for people with substance abuse with the dynamic care needs of these clients, or it is impossible to deliver care in the community, specially by the community nurses for this problem The Problem and its Magnitude In Hong Kong a survey conducted during the 2008-09 school year revealed increasing prevalence and problem of youth substance abuse. In comparison to the survey conducted 4 years earlier, this survey revealed an 1% point increase in prevalence of substance abuse among school students, which currently is 4.3% of the school students. It is more prevalent in the adolescent age groups, and the magnitude of the problem can be conceived from the epidemiologic data that among 12 year old school students, 4.6% declared that they had abused substances or drugs. When compared to the same data 4 years ago, which was 2.4%, there is a clear trend of lowering of the age of substance abuse. These data should be interpreted with caution since in many such cases, these surveys fail to reveal the actual prevalence due to fear of admitting abuse. Although these surveys can offer scientific data, it is important to understand the trend that may facilitate services that can combat youth drug problems, whi ch has become very serious in Hong Kong. The "2008-09 Survey of Drug Use among Students" documents also reveals some very important information that are useful from the community nursing perspectives. This clearly states that the drivers of the decision to abuse substances among the youth reside in the community. The first is availability and the second is the hidden nature of the youth substance a

Psychoanalysis of Roald Dahl's Matilda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychoanalysis of Roald Dahl's Matilda - Essay Example The superego is the opposite extreme of the id and is the force used by the father and the social and cultural institutions he represents to check and drive the person's desires into the id. The superego includes tradition, inherited values, religion and its institutions, education and its peripheries and all forms of authority. The ego is the self that emerges after an on going and continual negotiation between the id and the superego. If the person's superego is weaker than his/her id the result will be a loose, permissive, carefree, easy going or even a mad person. If the person's superego is stronger than his/her id, then that person will become a conformist to the moral and social values of the person's medium. (Douglas, 2007) The process of pyschoanalyzing a text has several approaches. One can read a text and isolate the elements in the text that reveal the inner conflicts, desires and suppressions in the person of the artist. Another way is examining elements that define the psychology of the characters in the narrative. A third way is seeing if the text reveals the collective psychology of the people and the culture that produces the work of art. In any case, the analysis should consider one or both of the two basic assumptions of the theory. The first assumption is the tripartite nature of the manifest self, whether it is the self of the author, the fictitious character, or the collective consciousness behind the work while the second one is the work of art as a dream work that reflects the suppressed content of the id of either the author or his/her characters. (Pope, 2002) In this essay, I shall be concerned in the first assumption which is determining the tripartite nature that is present in the character of Matilda. I will be trying to learn the psyche of Matilda. I would begin by providing a summary of the story Matilda written by Roald Dahl in 1988. When conducting the research, I came to realize that there are elements of the story derived directly from the experiences of the author. While this may be a good topic for psychoanalysis, our focus would be on Matilda and her psyche. Plot Summary Matilda Wormwood has the potential to be a genius but her parents do not care about her as shown by the fact that she is discouraged from reading books and encouraged in watching TV. In spite of this, Matilda perseveres and became intellectually superior in her class. TO combat her parent's being so uncaring, she devises clever pranks such as "the hat and the super glue," "the parrot-in-the-chimney-affair," and "the great hair oil switch." Her great intellect catches her teacher's, Jennifer Honey's, attention and appeal for her to be accelerated. Agatha Trunchbull, the evil headmistress, refuses. Miss Honey learned of how Matilda's parents treat her when she consults them for Matilda being sent to the university. Throughout the story, Miss Trunchbull treats her students in abusive manners such as ploughing straight through children so that they "bounce off her feet like footballs", makes regular visits to classes to "show" the teachers a few tips on discipline, throws students out of windows and even locks them in a contraption known only as "the Chokey." Matilda becomes her primary target when she learned that it was her father that sold her a second car that barely

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British Land Company and Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria - Essay Example position of the quoted property shares with the key ingredients for stronger performance, hinging on enhancing the level of performance, intensity of the business and accessibilities. Further as REIT, the company does not need to pay any property taxes on the profits and gains from the property business. However, it is necessary for 90% of the income from the exempted business needs to be distributed to shareholders. (British Land. 2007). Being one of the largest property management companies today, with assets under management in excess of  £18 billion and a market capitalisation of some  £5.8 billion, British Land invests primarily in UK property. The focus is on actively managing, financing and developing prime commercial property to create the environment in which modern business can thrive. Following the company’s takeover of Pillar Property PLC in summer 2005, the it is now manager/adviser to, and investor in, a number of offshore unit trusts with total assets of some  £3 billion. (British Land Company Plc. 2006). The regime allows the companies to be free of income tax and capital gains tax by release of just a one time payment. The tax problems the property companies have to undergo are in the context of the double taxation – there is a tax element at the time of rental income and profits, and again, at the time of disbursing dividends to the shareholders. In order to qualify for tax exemption, the company has to be a UK resident company, it has to be a close ended domestic company and should be listed with the Stock Exchanges. Also, it should have primarily two classes of shares, equity and non participating preferential share capital. The other governing conditions are in terms of the fact that it needs to have a minimum of 3 separate rental property of any kind, the valuation of any single property should constitute more than 40% of the total valuation and the company should be in a position to disburse at least 90% of its untaxed incomes as

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Discussion for online Healthcare HRM - Essay Example Human resource in the healthcare setting interacts with a group of people who are highly sensitive to the environment around them due to their respective health complications. On the same note, all the stakeholders in the health care setting work towards promoting patient welfare, and so should the attitude and perception exhibited in this setting. In this respect, the realized performance outcomes rely on the basis of interaction between healthcare practitioners and the patients, thus making attitude and perception direct influential variables on performance. The integration of attitude and perception into an evaluation process should account for the links and relations between the human resource and all the other parties present in the healthcare setting, especially the patients. While this would be a positive move, the legal aspect of the matter could be highly bureaucratic, thereby slowing down the integration process and challenging the basis of operation of the evaluation system. On the same note, the likelihood of discrimination issues against human resource arising could be relatively high (Flynn, Mathis, Jackson & Langan, 2007). Moreover, the need to set measurement variables for the purpose of undertaking the evaluation becomes

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels Essay

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels - Essay Example Considering that presently, Europe has been maintaining a low salary system for workers, it appears that the statements made by Marx and Engels do not reflect a truthful and realistic understanding of the economic system as a whole. Despite the failure of the workers today to uplift the salary standards of the working class, the European businesses continue to emerge and win in the international trade. Thus, it can be interpreted as contradictory to the adverse effects to the capitalists as pronounced by Marx and Engels. Otherwise, to continuously take advantage of the working class would mean defeat to the capitalists. Both Marx and Engels failed to see the power behind the capitalists and the latter's influence to suppress the possible violent reactions by the working class. The statements however of Marx and Engels did not just go to naught. The European economy could not have survived without the ideas of the two well-known pro-working class theoreticians. Knowing fully well that the proletariat, or the working class for this matter, has the potential capability to rise and change the events in their favor if continuously suppressed, the European capitalists, through the government provided for some incentives that would somehow satisfy the workers and hinder them from fighting back their employers due to urges for more economic reforms. The employers' unrelenting resistance to revolutionary actions in favor of the working class proved to be successful. Thus, the government freely allowed the labor sector to represent themselves in the government thru participation therein. Thru this, the discussion of the numerous demands of the working class would be limited in the parliament and not to revolutions that could overthrow the government, as predicted b y Karl Marx. In general, Marx and Engels failed to give proper and due recognition to the capitalists as a relevant factor in the production. They should have considered the fact that labor will be of no use if there are no raw materials to start with; and who then has the capability to provide the raw materials but the capitalists! Marx and Engels appeared to be one-sided, clinging on to the proletariat without reflecting on the need for economic balance of the society. The prophesies made by them are too extreme. They have not realized the fact that any sector that is put into power has this tendency to abuse the others. In a purely capitalist system, the capitalists abuse the proletariat for their benefit. However, the proletariat, once put into power, has this tendency also to abuse the capitalists because each sector fails to acknowledge the relevant role being played by the other. It is the extreme ideas of isolation that leads the members of the society to abuse their power. Emphasis should be made that the statements of Marx and Engels are not totally wrong; only then, it should be made more pragmatic, if one has to apply the ideas today. The urge of the capitalists to continue with production which by the way is the essence of the modern day industry, is not actually paving the way to their own graves. It is more subtle to say that this urge to produce through the use of the labor sector could be a way to the capitalists' graves if they will continuously abuse the rights of the working class and refuse to give them what is due to them. The essence of production is

Leadership Recommendation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Recommendation - Assignment Example The implementation of the new software system for Kudler Fine Foods demands effective leadership approach. With the aim of raising operational efficiency, an introduction of the new automated system will be highly beneficial. The introduction of the new approach aims at replacing the current HRIS system that has been applied by the human resources personnels and store manager. Several data are entailing the personnel files, performance reviews, employee grievances, disciplinary actions and payroll processing. Effective leadership importance and proper leadership styles are very crucial in the process. The importance of the effective leadership during a change management initiative emanates from the essential understanding that only under proper effective process is when the transformation operations will run appropriately. Effective leadership is important since it inspires action. It creates or generates a vision of the forthcoming future that derives inspiration from the people man aging the change process. The system change must have supporters and those who reject it. Effective leadership will outline the advantages of the system to Kudler Fine Foods staffs. Staffs are always associated with negatively and opposing of incoming changes, especially from the administration. Effective leadership will aim at providing optimism and create a general great vision for the adoption of the new model. Effective leadership creates a positivity and removes doubt in the ability of the newly installed system.

Govierment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Govierment - Essay Example One of the primary roles of the government is to promote the welfare of its people. Under capitalism, however, this role is under jeopardy due to market freedom. When it comes to socialism, the government plays an active role in influencing major activities that influence social welfare. Even though the society has limited choices to make, the government extends access to basic needs to the entire society. The opposite of this idea is evident in capitalism. In conclusion, there is need for government intervention in production and consumption matters. In general, producers are profit-driven and they strive to sell at the highest market prices possible. Under socialism, government intervention tames consumer exploitation and subsequently collaborates with industry stakeholders in enhancing societal growth and development. Finally, socialism exhibits equitable distribution of wealth and resources, while capitalism promotes social

The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay In my essay I am going to discuss the story called The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. This story is a pre 20th century gothic novel written by Robert Louis Stevenson. When I say a gothic novel I dont mean something of the dark ages but rather a story that has a dark deep story which ventures into the unknown. This story is typical of the 19th century when people had radical ideas which were questionable to those in Victorian society. The story starts with a person called Mr Hyde trampling over a young girl and producing a cheque with Dr Jekylls name on it to pay for the damage done to the girl. Later Dr Jekylls friends find that he has made a will to a man named Mr Hyde that was to be given to him under doctor Jekylls death or disappearance. His friends think that he has been threatened or forced to make a will to this wicked man Mr Hyde. Later in the story the whole mystery was revealed to us. Dr Jekyll was involved in an experiment which was supposed to break the bond between good and evil. This barrier of good and evil could be put in comparison with Soho and Cavendish Square. The experiment that Dr Jekyll was involved in made his evil side come out which was Mr Hyde but to do this Dr Jekyll had to drink a potion. After a while Hydes appearance could no longer be controlled with the potion but came out when ever Dr Jekyll dosed off. This is why Dr Jekyll made a will to Hyde because he was afraid that he will never be able to turn back to his normal self and Hyde will have money to spend instead of having nothing. Later I will discuss this in more detail but now I will talk about the setting of the novel. In the novel Stevenson uses different characters to show and express the theme of mans hypocritical and divided nature, one of these characters is Dr Lanyon. When he is with his friends his behaviour seems to show someone who is a good friend and will do a lot to help his friends out but when it comes to his reputation he will not help his friends as he previously would have if it did not involve his reputation and others who have ruined their reputation by their deeds. One example of this is when he was dying he said I have had a shock and I shall never recover. There it sounded as if he has signed his passport to death, yet later when Jekyll is mentioned he says I wish to see or hear no more of Dr Jekyll. He didnt say why he didnt want to see him any more he was very vague as he was trying to keep his own reputation and that of Jekylls. This may seem a nice thing to do but if it involves something as serious as someone changing into the wicked character of Hyde who kills people suc h as Sir Danvers Carew then to protect them seems wrong. Gabriel Utterson is supposed to be the perfect gentleman he shows this by trying to find out peoples problems and trying to solve them but without the problems being gossiped about. An example of this is when he found the will that Dr Jekyll had made to Hyde which would have allowed Hyde to have Jekylls money after his disappearance for more than 3 months or his death. This concerned Utterson so he talked to Jekyll himself and said I have been waiting to speak to you, Jekyllyou know that will of yours? That is just one of the many quotes that could be found since it shows that he had a true interest in his friends and by the manner of the sentence construction it looks like he is speaking to Jekyll in a calm manner with a listening ear and someone who speaks like this would unlikely be a gossiper. Despite his kindness and loyalty to his friends he still wasnt the perfect gentleman since he was attracted to those of the Victorian underworld. This suggests that visits to places like Soho is not out of the question and this defies his outer reputation so the saying never judge a book by its cover fits nicely here as even though Utterson seems such an upright man he still under his cover has something to hide. Furthermore the woman at Hydes room is another example of hypocrisy. She is smoothed faced and well mannered when she comes to the door but no doubt has evil dealings with Hyde which her demeanour hides. Mr Hyde is the most controversial of characters. He is the evil side of Dr Jekyll. We know the sort of things Hyde gets up to such as his assault on people, his murders and the fact that he resides in Soho gives an idea of his conduct. These sorts of actions are not associated with Dr Jekyll but it is still him that is doing it. This shows that even though Jekyll seems to be respectable he has evil thoughts and this is expressed through his metamorphosis into Hyde where all his evil comes to the fore. Discussing Jekyll shows that once he had conducted his experiment and proved that he had broken the barrier between good and evil he continued conducting these experiments and he knew what Hyde was doing but he still let Hyde rampage until he couldnt be controlled. So this shows that though one may have good intentions in the beginning they can be changed by unforeseen circumstances so it shows that it is hard to control that quality of evil. You could say that Enfield leads a double life as he saw the girl being trampled down he must have been out at that late hour of 03:00 and he would have only been out at that time if he was venturing down the streets of Soho doing things that upper class Victorian society would not allow him. Stevenson used the idea of there being a beast inside a man in the character of Hyde. We saw that Hyde had animal like qualities. In the novella he was found to be shrinking back with a hissing intake of breath signifying that he had snake like qualities in him. Also, when Poole was describing when he saw a thing in the house which he thought may have been Jekyll he said If it were my master why did he cry out like rat and run from me, that shows another animal like quality that Hyde possessed. Here Hyde was depicted as using animal like qualities, without conscience suggesting that evil is easily committed. This theme of there being a beast in a man was developed by Charles Darwins theory of humans developing from apes so Stevenson gave his central character these qualities had beast like qualities. Following on from that Victorian people were obsessed by the idea of recidivism. This is when they thought that the poor were going to turn into animals and the rich were worried by the collapse of societal values. This suggests that we all have evil in us. I dont think that we have good or evil in us but it is up to us to be good or evil. Anyone can do anything evil, but the thing is whether their conscience will bother them. In 99 people out of 100 people their consciences will bother them if they killed someone on the other hand in the case of Hyde he had no problem killing another human being. Stevenson uses a number of symbols to reinforce important themes in the novel. Perhaps the most powerful symbol in the novella is found in the contrast of the rear and front entrances of the house. The door that represents innocence and decency is the front door. This is the door where Dr Jekyll usually enters. This door represents excellence because it is in Cavendish Square; this area has a reputation of being the dwelling place of the most respectable people in London. The front of the house, where the front door is situated, is clean and maintained to an exemplary standard and gives an air of purity. However, the door and the stylish exterior belie the existence of Hyde in Jekyll. A door is used to depict the evil secretive side of Dr Jekyll. This can be said because the lab outhouse is an old dilapidated building as shown by this quote and bore in every feature the marks of prolonged negligence. The door which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. This shows that no care was shown to this building that was in fact part of Dr Jekylls house. This rear door was in Soho even though it is the same house as doctor Jekylls. Since there are two sides of the house it coincides with the two sided nature of Dr Jekyll whose other side is Hyde. This is why Hyde uses the back door that represents evil because it is in Soho and is derelict and why Jekyll uses the front door which is clean and represents Jekylls innocent nature. Soho gives the connotation of iniquity and wickedness, because in Soho there were many poor people who went to all kinds of lengths to get money some of these are things like stealing and prostitution which you do not associate with purity and hence door denotes vice. Stevenson seems to be saying that being poor is being evil, however you cant judge a person from their material possessions but the environment they are in can affect their behaviour. In the novella Stevenson uses images of buildings with locked doors, those without windows or barred windows. I think these symbols give a sense of being trapped. In this case evil is trapped behind locked doors. Some doors were opened to no one. This was not uncommon in Victorian society. These were things associated with recluses. The reason why I use this is that Jekyll was locked in his cabinet for a very long time. This is a symbolism of Dr Jekylls soul trying to suppress something evil from coming out which is Hyde. This is shown in Dr Jekylls narrative when he says It took on this occasion a double dose to recall me to myself so he was trying to suppress Hyde by taking this double dose of potion. Some other images that will fill this niche well are barred windows because this depicts some thing urging to get out but is being obstructed by a barrier. This at first represented Hyde when Jekyll had only started to take his potion but later this represented Jekyll when Hyde was ra ging and Jekyll was keeping him out. Stevenson uses the characters speech in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to show us how honest or dishonest characters are. Some of the characters are honest in their speech and usually which is calm and straight forward because they have nothing to hide. On the other hand, even though Poole was honest he was very frightened when he was talking to Utterson about the mysterious happening of Dr Jekyll he said I have been afraid for a week and I can bear it no more. Here Poole was being very honest about the fact that he was scared of the situation in the house so honesty does not always mean that you are going to be relaxed but you still can be tense when telling the truth. Enfield can also be an honest talker even though he is a bit of a gossiper. Some other characters that are not so honest include Lanyon and Jekyll. We can tell this because they are reserved secretive and even formal with their own friends. For example, Jekyll speaks in a very reserved manner and secretive way with his own friends. An example of this is when he is speaking to Utterson about the will You do not understand my position, I am painfully situated, Utterson; my position is very strange. It is one of those affairs that cannot be mended by talking. There we see that he was very vague with his own friend, which is a very strange position. You could at least explain to your friend but since Jekyll had Hyde to hide he glazed over the subject leaving Utterson mystified. There is another example of this in the case of Dr Lanyon when he was speaking to Utterson about Jekyll he said I swear to God I will never set eyes on him again. He did not say why he would not set eyes on him. Even though he was saving the reputation of Jekyll and keeping to his doctors agreement not to release any information he still should of told Utterson because when Jekyll turned into Hyde lives were at risk as Hyde was a person of evil. So Stevenson shows that Victorian people of the upper class still strayed from their strict boundaries and were hypocritical they did this because they had something to Hyde. Using a number of different techniques and images Stevenson creates a dark and menacing setting for the novel. Most of the action in the novel that in involves Hyde takes place under the cover of darkness and Stevenson frequently reminds us with this by giving us images of light and dark. Light can change peoples moods all the way from bright and cheery to the opposite of dark and menacing. It is interesting that Stevenson uses a dark black winter morning when Enfield meets Hyde. This dramatic tension something bad had happened at that time hence Stevenson uses darkness to depict something sinister. Stevenson also refers quite a lot to lamps as they have to do with light. In the story it says My way lay through a part of town where there was literally nothing to be seen but lamps. This depicts darkness in other words evil, and there is some good, the lamps, but where there is too much darkness and too few lamps it is like evil overwhelming the good. This scene was at 3oclock in the morning when most good people are asleep so this gives criminals the chance to be active without being spotted so this is why that scene was effective because the corruption by far outweighed the good. Stevenson compares the streets of London to a labyrinth, which depicts that London is an easy place to get lost in therefore it would be a criminals paradise as they can do anything and weave themselves through the streets of London away from pursuers such as the police or victims of the crime. This can also depict Dr Jekylls lost soul as he cant seem to bring himself back but being continuously being over ridden by Hyde, his evil side. Stevenson shows us how deserted the streets of London were at night time Street after street and all the folks asleep street after street, all lighted up as if for a procession and all as empty as a church. That really shows how deserted the streets of London were as empty as a church. This is when Hyde went about his dealings such as the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. Another example of the silence is in Chapter 2 By ten oclock, when the shops were closed the by street was very solitary, and in spite of the low growl of London from all round, very silent. So if a place is very solitary and very silent it must be desolate except for those who do things under the cover of darkness such as criminals and those who have something to hide. To create setting with a particularly threatening and depressing atmosphere, Stevenson uses words and phrases such as great chocolate coloured pall lowered over heaven to depict a dark and lifeless time with no brightness to be seen. Another example is mournful reinvasion of darkness. This makes it seem as if bright has been there for a very short time but and darkness is coming again. This shows that it must be winter time. Also used is some city in a nightmare that quote explains itself. Dingy street, brown as umber and blackguardly surrounding all describe what Soho was like. These phrases also seem to show a war between light and dark. The above is a description of the morning but there is also a lot of mention of dark. This war between light and dark has been made by Stevenson to reinforce some of the central themes of good versus evil. A quote between shows this war between light and dark is this for a moment, the fog would be quite broken up, and a haggard shaft of day light of daylight would glance between the swirling wreaths so that shows only for a while there are sunny spells and quickly they disappear from the fog. When those two forces are equal this was like when Jekyll resumed have his dinner parties. Stevenson uses every day phrases to depict great powerful images and these images are relevant to people in his day so that is why his stories work so well. By setting his novel in the heart of London, between Cavendish Square and Soho, Stevenson allows us to see the divisions between the rich and the poor in Victorian society. All of the main characters in the novel are rich excluding the illusive figure of Hyde who is a rich person because he is Jekyll but lives as person who is neither rich nor poor. The rich characters are supposedly solid, respectable men, and should be possessed by people like lawyers and doctors. These are men who have a high social status in Victorian society and could afford a large house with a butler and many servants. This gave these people, such as Jekyll, a sense of power over other people. In our story it seems as if Dr Jekylls reputation for being an upright, good and exact person is being lost with his association with Mr Hyde that is why he seems to shy away from the subject of Hyde when it appears in conversation. The area where Dr Jekyll, Mr Utterson and Dr Lanyon live is a wealthy and respectable area in the heart of Londons West End, Cavendish Sqaure. It is imperative that men of such status live in these areas, as they complement the high social status they are supposed to have. They would not find themselves in an area such as Soho, let alone live in it, but one person Mr Hyde is a disreputable man and seems to have no awareness of social standing. Soho is amazingly within a mile of Cavendish Square but the contrast of the two places is immeasurable. One would presume that because two areas are in such close vicinity they would be fairly similar, in the case of Soho and Cavendish Square you would not be more wrong. Soho is destitute, the streets are grimy and you would find it impossible to find a clean spot, beggars sit outside the door hoping people will give them money, there are people who are ready to jump you if they get a whiff of money on you, and women that prostate themselves in brothels to get money. These are the sort of places that respectable people go to satisfy their desires under the cover darkness. In contrast Cavendish Square is clean and filled with lavishly furnished and structurally sound buildings unlike those in Soho where the houses are decrepit and beyond repair. Since the houses in Cavendish Square are so grand you would think that they would be housed by honest people but we know that not all of the people are as honourable as they seem. Going into more detail the lives of those in Cavendish Square would consist of many dinner parties, studying and for the younger generation there would be plenty of balls. Most of these upper class people would distain the thought of leading a life like those in Soho as they were very comfortable and were engulfed around this lifestyle. Also the difference between the women of the upper class and lower class is that those of the upper class would have very little free choice as these were controlled by a man of the family whether that is their husband brother or father. In the lower classes the women had more say as they had to do what they could to earn money to live on but this was unnecessary for the upper class as a few pounds here and there would not make much difference to their hundreds of thousands to millions of pounds. In this essay Stevenson was trying to make us think about the nature of humans in Victorian society. In Victorian society there were great rifts between the rich and the poor. These rifts made the upper class think that the poor were beast as they had to go to seemingly animalistic means to get the food that they needed. What these upper class people didnt realise was that if you put two completely different people in close proximity the worst of people would come out. This can be said because if you went in to the country in that time you would find farmers doing their work to get money, they had the opportunity to earn an honest living but not in London. London was an over crowded place at that time and was nowhere as large as it is now. Factory work was the most popular line of work for the lower class people but those found in Soho were unable to find jobs to earn an honest living. The upper classes obviously did not realise the reason for poor life in Soho hence became obsessed by the idea of recidivism. This is why I think this story has that theme as Stevenson was trying to explore ideas as to why the poor lived in such an animalistic state. Stevenson has made me think of why the lower class Victorian society had to go so low to survive that is why I have the explanation above. The setting of Victorian London is a fitting setting for this type of novel because this is a time when there were lots of mysteries that were not mentioned because of superstition and so remained a mystery. In a modern society though these are no longer mysteries as the problems to these solutions has been solved. The solution is to treat everyone equally or have equal opportunities; with this no one can blame any one for their poor quality of life but themselves. Unfortunately this can only be said of richer countries as they have the monetary capabilities to give every one these opportunities. In Victorian times you automatically were judged by the class you were born in to and had a poor education so therefore you did not have the opportunities of those today. The reason why Stevenson wanted us to think about the difference between classes is that he grew up in Edinburgh where the difference between the classes was greater he witnessed poverty, disease and over crowding near to his place of dwelling, a middle class New Town. This could be associated with the closeness of the two places of Soho and Cavendish Square. This city fed Stevensons young mind of the supernatural so that is wh y he thought of the character of Hyde; pure evil. Another point of discussion is duality. Stevenson made us think whether men have an evil side or not. I do not think that men can separate themselves into two simply by drinking a potion but they could have a dual personality by leading a double life. This point was a prevalent point in the story with the example of Jekyll hiding things from people using his double personality to do what ever he wants to. Many people did this in Victorian times but not having two characters but using the cover of darkness to do what they would not dare to do in the daylight as their respectability was very important to them in other words they were hypocritical. Stevenson was trying to use this subject of respectability which he had a problem with. He wanted to see what other people thought about his life style without using himself in the story but by substituting himself with the two characters of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. When he was 17 and studying engineering he was living a respectable life by day and under the cover of darkness he was living a debauched life that would not befit the life of someone in the middle classes. Because of the hypocrisy he witnessed, and was going through himself he wanted to bring to peoples attention that the seemingly perfect upper and middle classes were not what they seemed but on the whole a hypocritical bunch of people. Now days the things that the poor got up to dont seem as bad but when we look to authority we find it shocking to learn what goes on. An example of this is of Bill Clinton. We all know the story that he was having an affair with someone else when he was married and managed to hide it for some time. So think again, hypocrisy still goes on today. This essay had a great deal to do with the Victorian culture as this idea of duality perplexed many doctors and scientists of that day Stevenson tried to find the explanation for himself and no doubt other people of the day had tried to find the answer. Like the person who wrote a short story called Markhiem that had characters living double lives in it. Stevenson had a fetish about this idea of duality, it was no doubt because of his illness and inability to spend much time outside his bedroom and therefore his nurse told him stories about the differences between life of good and evil with the life of evil leading to a life in hell. This made him have terrible nightmares which stuck to him through out his whole life this is why in his stories he described Hyde as having the mark of Satan. Stevenson recalls his nurse telling him there are but two camps in the world one perfectly pious and respectable, one of the perfectly mundane and vicious: one mostly on its knees and singing hymns, the other on the high road to the gallows and the bottomless pit. This no doubt made him think of the idea of recidivism because if one were so vicious they must be nearer to an animal instead of a human.

The environmental management

The environmental management Environmental Management is a very important component of sustainable living. The interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary nature of Environmental Management enables it to solve the complex environmental problems (pollution, erosion, flooding, deforestation, desertification, just to name but a few) that essentially characterize our landscape at the local regional and global scale. To better understand these problems, the discipline draws on a wealth of expertise in both concepts and approaches from the natural or physical and social sciences to develop this interdisciplinary. This essay seeks to explore the nature of environmental management and in particular, attention is drawn on the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity of environmental management. The environmental problems we face today are many and varied. From pollution, erosion, flooding, deforestation, desertification, to climate change- all present themselves in very practical terms and as such environmental management is more important than ever before. However, the field has been the subject of wide criticism. For instance Bryant and Wilson (1998) criticized the field as a result of the limitations in the understanding of root causes-political, economic or cultural issues. There is no generally acceptable definition of the subject environmental management. This is partly due to its broad scope and in part of the diversity of specialism (Barrow, 1999). However, attempts have been made by several authors to define environmental management. For example, Riordan (1995); Barrow (1999); Wilson and Bryant (1997); Bryant and Geoff (2009), have all made substantial effort to define Environmental Management. Environmental management has been defined as both a process and a field of study (Wilson and Bryant 1997). In his book, Barrow (1999 p. 5) presented an overview of some definitions of Environmental Management. Like Environmental Management, definitions and interpretations of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity abound in literature. For instance, Klein, 2004; Tress and Tress, 2001; Tress et al., 2005; Jones and Macdonald, 2007; Evans and Randalls, 2008; and Wesselink, 2009. In its simplest sense interdisciplinarity is an integrative research approach that transects many disciplinary boundaries with a common goal and the aim of production of new knowledge and theory (Tress et al., 2005). As a process, Environmental Management, according to (Wilson and Bryant, 1997 p.7) can be defined   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"as a multi-layered process associated with the interaction of state and non-state environmental managers with the environment and with each other. Environmental Managers are those whose livelihood is primarily dependent on the application of skill in the active and self conscious, direct or indirect, manipulation of the environment with the aim of enhancing predictability in a context of social and environmental uncertainty. † While the term state will include state officials such as Department of the Environment, DoE, and Department of Environment Food and Rural Agriculture, DEFRA, just to name a few, non-state, on the other hand includes environmental NGOs, farmers, transnational corporations(TNCs), hunter-gatherers. In this light, environmental management is a process not exclusive only to large national and international environmental actors but inclusive to a range of predominantly local level environmental actors (Wilson and Bryant, 1997). On the other hand, Environmental management, as a field of study, evolved with the growing concern about environmental degradation in the late 1960s and early 1970 (Bryant and Geoff, 2009; Wilson and Bryant, 1997) after post industrialization. According to Barrow (2006: 24-26) Environmental Management as a field can be subdivided into the following: â€Å"sustainable development issues; environmental assessment, modeling, forecasting and hindcasting;corporate environmental management; pollution recognition and control; environmental economics;environmental enforcement and legislation; environment and development institutions and ethics; environmental management systems and quality issues; environmental planning and management; assessment of stakeholders involved in environmental management; environmental perceptions and education; community participation for environmental management/sustainability; institution building for environmental management/sustainable development; biodiversity conservation; natural resources management; environmental rehabilitation/restoration; environmental politics; environmental aid and institution building†. While the list is not exhaustive, partly because Environmental Management is relatively a nascent discipline (Barrow, 2006) and is still evolving, its broad scope is readily appreciated at a glance, as it tends to techno-centric problem solving approach rather than reactive approach. Table 1 highlights some distinguishing features of traditional environmental management as it were during its early evolution and at present. Referring to interdisciplinarity, the interdisciplinary nature of environmental management is more than just integration. It is essentially a modern way of thinking that involves identification, definition as well as interpretation of studies with the view of proffering practical oriented solutions to environmental problems (ORiordan, 1995). Again, Transdisciplinary studies according to Tress et al. (2005) involves the integration of both academic and non-academic participant (stakeholders) to research a common goal with the creation of new knowledge and theory. It is explicit from the definitions above that interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are both integrative, in that new knowledge and theory is created. However, a distinguishing element is that transdisciplinary research combines interdisciplinarity with a participatory approach (Tress et al., 2005) Traditional Environmental Management Modern Environmental Management Largely top-down approach Bottom-up approach Management was authoritarian participatory and much more integrative Short term plan Long term plan and therefore sustainable Exploitational in approach Emphasizes stewardship rather than exploitation. Tends to be reactive Tends to be proactive and participatory Disciplinary, at best multidisciplinary Interdisciplinary, or even holistic in approach State centric Non state factors involved in the process of EM Influence of natural science discipline Shift from the natural science to social science Tress and Tress (2001) introduced a transdisciplinary landscape concept. The transdisciplinary landscape concept, according to Tress and Tress (2001) is based on five dimensions: the spatial entity, the mental entity, the temporal dimension, the nexus of nature and culture, and the systemic properties of landscape. The significance of collaboration in interdisciplinary and trandisciplinary research in the understanding of human-environment interaction cannot be overemphasized. Although environmental management takes its root from the natural science, however there seems to be a shift from the natural science to social science (Bryant and Wilson, 1998). Figure 1 as shown in the appendix depicts the profound influence from the social sciences and again, in the words of Wilsons and Bryant (1997, p 17) Environmental Management operates at the intersection of a range of disciplines and subdisciplines. From the foregoing, It is obvious that Environmental Management is increasingly becoming interdisciplinary and applying a great deal of transdisciplinarity approaches. For example, Wesselink (2008) and Potschin and Haines-Young (2005) have emphasized the importance of applying transdisciplinarity in their studies of land use planning and landscape ecology respectively.. While the environmental problems we face today are many and varied both in scope and complexity, no one discipline can effectively provide the knowledge adequate enough to fully understand nor solve them (Tress and Tress, 2001). Modern approaches of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity in Environmental Management can be a panacea of all local to global environmental ills. This notwithstanding, more powerful and robust tools are needed for dealing with the problems of scaling and uncertainty which are crucial in the human-environment interaction at all scale. It is the position of this essay, therefore, that while the search for a strong and robust tools continues in order to mitigate, control and prevent environmental problems, active consultation and collaboration with local communities is a necessary ingredient for sustainable solution. References Barrow, C. J 1999. Environmental Management: Principles and Practice. Routledge, London. Barrow, C. J. 2006. Environmental Management for Sustainable Development. 2nd edition. Routledge, London. Bryant R.L and Wilson G.A 1998. Rethinking Environmental Management. Progress in Human Geography 22(3) pp 321-343 Evans, J. and Randalls, S. 2008 Geography and Paratactical Interdisciplinarity: Views from the ESRC-NERC PhD studentship programme. Geoforum 39 pp 581-592 Jones, P. and Macdonald, N. 2007. Getting it wrong first time: building on interdisciplinary research relationship. Area 39(4) pp 490-498. ORiordan, T. ed 1995 Environmental Science for Environmental Management Longman Scientific Technical, England. Potschin, M and Haines-Young, R. 2006. Rio+10, Sustainability Science and Landscape Ecology. Landscape and urban planning. 75, 162-74. Phillipson, J. and Lowe, P. 2009 Barriers to Research Collaboration across disciplines: scientific paradigms and institutional practices. Environment and Planning 41, pp 1171-1184 Klein, J. T. 2004 Prospects for Transdisciplinarity. Futures 36 pp 515-526 Tress, B and Tress, G 2001 Capitalising on Multiplicity: A Transdisciplinary Systems Approach to Landscape Research. Landscape and Urban Planning 57, pp 143-157 Tress, B., Tress, G.,Fry, G. and Opdam, P. 2005 eds. From Landscape Research to Landscape Planning: Aspects of Integration, Education and Application. Springer, Netherland. Wesselink, A 2009. The Emergence of interdisciplinary Knowledge in Problem-focussed Research. Area 41 (4) pp. 404-413. Wilson, G. A and Bryant, R.L 1997. Environmental Management: New Directions fot the Twenty-First Century.UCL, London

Learning And Teaching Children And Young People Essay

Learning And Teaching Children And Young People Essay In this essay it is required to choose and evaluate one of the seven learning areas of the Early Years Foundation Stage 2012 (EYFS), as well as including the influences on the making of EYFS (2012) and the principles, beliefs and values that led to the creation of a national framework for early childhood education. These beliefs and values underpin the approaches to learning and teaching in the EYFS. The essay will also include the current practical, theoretical and legislative context; that has given rise to the EYFS. The specific area of learning that the assignment focusses on is Communication and Language (CL) in the EYFS. In particular how this is supported by the practitioner. In addition I will discuss different theories that influence work with under lives. To conclude, the essay will examine how play and exploration form a crucial part of the principles of the EYFS (2012) as well as observing the part they play in the teaching practice in the setting and how it develops childrens education. The EYFS (2012) is divided into seven areas, three of which form prime areas of learning; Personal, Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development, Communication and Language. In addition the are four specific areas of learning reformed to as Literacy, Mathematics, Understanding the World and Expressive Arts and Design. However it is important to remember that each area connects to the other. Underlining the curriculum is believe that develop and learning is holistic. (Martello, 2013) Moving on to the term curriculum, the general definitions, refers to the course of deeds and experience through which children grow to become mature adults. Kelly (1999) prescribed curriculum of seen in school it is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard. She mention about curriculum as, All the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school (Quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see also, Kelly 1999). However Saracho and Spodek (2002) mention that curriculum developers to establish goals, develop experiences, designate content, and evaluate experiences and outcomes. They go on to say that most curriculum developers consistently use such terms as curriculum planning, curriculum development, curriculum implementation, and curriculum evaluation, and many others to describe curriculum related activities. Moving on to early years curriculum, Bruce (2000) who is a social learning theorist influenced by the work of Froebel, in considering early childhood education, looks at the three parts of the curriculum which are the child (context) the people and places and the content which is what the child knows and wants and needs to know. In consideration of Bruce, Saracho and Spodek theories, Practitioners acknowledges that the best way to prepare children for their adult life is to give them what they need as children. Children are whole people who have feelings, ideas and relationships with others, and who need to be physically, mentally, morally and spiritually healthy; with Bruce Practitioners are contracting the early years curriculum by stressing that the context of childs life is considered play. At the heart of the EYFS is Play. The word play can come in many definitions but Bruce (2000) suggests that play co-ordinates learning. However, Jennie Lindon (1999) defines play as giving children a range of activities that involve their own interests and the satisfaction that results. The writer believes that this happens in the setting as children are motivated and they feel that they have ownership and control over their play. The practitioner in the setting does not take over the activity because then the activity will stop feeling like play to the children. Bruce2000 and Lindon 1999 both agree that play should be open-ended as well as having the idea that play is a mechanism for the integration of learning; this is especially relevant to what takes place outdoors, and the reason would be for the greater autonomy children have both to direct their learning and to interpret their sensory experiences. In addition the Early Childhood Education (2012) is usually defined as before the age of normal schooling in other words the term relates to educational programs and strategies geared toward children from birth to the age of eight. This time period is widely considered the most vulnerable and crucial stage of a persons life. Early childhood education often focuses on guiding children to learn through play. The term often refers to preschool or infant/child care programs. It refers to the formal teaching of young children in the setting outside the home. Childhood education often focuses on children learning through play, based on the research and philosophy of Piaget (). This belief is centred on the power of play. It has been thought that children learn more efficiently and gain more knowledge through play-based activities such as dramatic play, art, and social games. This play theory stems from childrens natural curiosity and tendencies to make believe, mixing in educational lessons. At the setting every day children play in the garden which provides an environment which allows Child A, Child B and Child C to freely explore their feelings, ideas and relationships. It supports their learning as well as developing the use of the natural world that stimulates and shape their play (this is shown in assessment A Observation one). This helps the writer who is a practitioner considering play and its role in learning to be useful when he can focus on different areas of development while still acknowledging the complete nature of play and that any episode of play would be embracing more than one, and possibly all of the seven educational areas, mentioned above, at the same time. History The EYFS 2012 is at the heart of nursery education and now the way forward is in working in partnership with parents. This is presently being practised involving the seven areas set out by the government. The historical background is located in the new labours national childcare strategy. The hope was to create a national framework curriculum for under-fives. It created a framework that replaces the three previous early years documents Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, Birth to Three Matters and National Standards for Under 8s Day-care and Child-minding. These were, in effect, updated to be manageable with common principles that everybody involved in early years will be working towards: The overarching aim of the EYFS is to help young children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes of staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution, and achieving economic wellbeing. (EYFS Statutory Framework, p7) Setting- The school is a mixture of cultures and ethnicities, like every other school in Central London. It is a primary school for children three to 11 years and most children who attend live in the surrounding estate. Within the setting there are more children from a Bengali background. In order for observation to be effective it is important to deliver the knowledge in a way that adults and parents can understand and make sense of it. Curriculum Area Communication and Language Observations The curriculum area of development I chose is Commination and Language which is a prime area. I believe that the area works all round and is used in child life regular has being part of them. (See Appendix 2 Observations) Piaget () cited in theories of Childhood (2000) describing what I was trying to discourse, that of the mental structures or schemas of children as they develop from infants to adults. Piaget () goes on to say that through their interactions with their environment, children actively construct their own understanding of the world. Child A, B and Cs were observed to reflect the development of their logical thinking and reasoning skills in periods or stages, with each period having a specific name and age reference. (See Appendix 2 Observations) However, according to Vygotsky (year) mention that language is a social concept that is developed through social interactions. He mention on his books about the 20th-centur of Soviet psychologist that, language is acquisition and it involves not only a childs exposure to words but also an interdependent process of growth between thought and language. His theory of the zone of proximal development asserts that teachers should consider a childs prospective learning power before trying to expand the childs grasp of language. I focused on three children in the planning file in assessment A which I outlined the seven main areas of development. I maintained an on-going observation to see how the curriculum is supporting their learning in term of planning activates and implementing and reviewing and evaluation achievements if set targets fail. The EYFS (2012) encourage in working in partnership with parent which help the writer to link the learning and extend the child knowledge and understanding and gives the parents an insight of their childs progress, in maintain a good relationship with parents as well as enabling the child to develop in the seven areas of EYFS 2012. Child A was observed in many areas of the school as well as involving all areas of his learning. He is 4 years of age and has shown on-going progress in his learning development. He is now writing and drawing meaningful pictures that are well in his stage of development (See appendix 2 Observation) Child A took part in acting out the story that Child B was reading and later this developed in both of them going on to making the own story out of Lego (See Appendix 2 Observation 1). I done a number of observations on Child A and in his Literacy activity, he has the capacity to explain and write a few words after phonics about the picture he saw. He has good use of sentence to tell us what he drew and what he wrote (See Appendix 2 Observation 4). As the EYFS (2012) stresses about the particular importance to Communication, Language and literacy, it recognises its important contribution to childrens learning, wellbeing and belonging. (REFà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦http://www.ncb.org.uk/media/58917/factsheet_6_finaltemplate_ready_comm_lang_lit.pdf ) Communication and Language is an important in the role of play. As EYFS identifies childrens ability to communicate ideas, express feelings and share them worth others as one of the seven key areas of development in early years. Young children aged 3-5 are naturally sociable and curious and interested in communicating with other people in a variety of ways including eye contact and developing language. Communication and Language is the fundamental to young childrens learning and development because it is a fundamental aspect of life. It enables the formation of relationship and friendship and exploring feelings. Children learn to communicate in lots of ways, not just through speech, but also using gestures, signing and others bodily expression, creative skills such as drawing dancing and through their play. Child B is five, she has maintained a steady progress according to her profile and from the observation (See Appendix 2). Child B drew a picture and was able to write her name. she was also able to explain with eqse that the picture was about her best friend. I had assisted a few of the children with writing the names and finding out which can sound out the letters. Each child was given a name card which had different sahpesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Child C enjoys playing outside either sitting watching other children playing games and then participates in chasing on another. He also sits to look at books with his friends and likes to point out things of interest. He represented a kite with his hands, attaching a small string to his finger. The Practitioner then helped him to make a real kite which he flew outside (See Appendix 2 _ observation) In Literacy Child C finds it difficult to understand what sound goes with what pictures, needing more time and practice to help him concentrate to take more care in his understanding skills. Overall he did well. By observing Child C he displays a lot of symbolic play this goes into developing literacy with good and emergent language portraying his development of representational thoughts. Both literacy and symbolic play require the ability to use words, gestures, or mental images to represent actual objects, events or actions. Symbolic play is also seen in Child A and B, allowing them to imagine with no objects at all, it is useful for Practitioners to use props and substitute actions of all types, and evokes imaginary situations through words. However Piaget (year) mention that symbolic development are seen in the childs being able to take on a variety of diverse roles in collaboration with peers, engaging innovatively in fantasy. The above mentions the importance of the role of planning and assessing which a process is of activates that helps to identify areas of learning like Children A, B and C. as well as moving displaying the childrens next levels. They all have different learning abilities, (as every child is different) by doing observation this gave working Practitioners a clear idea when we do our planning. All children in the setting had an assessment file, which is kept in the record file to monitor areas of concerns and areas of development. In the setting Practitioners need to deliver good quality of support for encouraging learning and the development of play. Conclusion The bases of the conclusion I believe that the EYFS 2012 has been successful in ensuring that there is consistency of care and standards between early years settings, planning across the ages is unified making monitoring easier, good practice is shared with other settings. But the most importing of all is promotion the areas of development that planning for childrens specific needs. This is done by analyzing all the areas of development and the setting can see how each area interlinks with others. However I gained that including communication and language to be in curriculum for the children needs to be followed and learned to enable good planning and upon looking the type of records of how vital it is to keep these up to date. In the setting it is delivers the EYFS. The curriculum has several millstone that a childs needs to reach. Children are, monitored has several milestone that child needs to reach all and all practitioners and teachers deliver high quality support for leaning and play. If I had to change the essay I would have talked about all the areas rather than focusing on one aspect. I also feel that this particular module gave me a greater insight to paper work, like the cycle of observation assessment and planning. By inviting the parents into the setting it is very helpful to get the whole picture of the children. In my opinion, this is proving to be successful as who well know better about the child then the parent. 2,500 Words Appendix One Permission slip The father to Child A gives permission concerning Abdul to take pictures, drawing and any other effects to help him to complete his task. I also give him permission to look at my childs profile or anything related that he might need to use. Parent ______________ Abdul Ali The mother to Child B gives permission concerning Abdul to take pictures, drawing and any other effects to help her to complete his task. I also give him permission to look at my childs profile or anything related that he might need to use. Parent ______________ Abdul Ali The father to Child C gives permission concerning Abdul to take pictures, drawing and any other effects to help him to complete his task. I also give him permission to look at my childs profile or anything related that he might need to use. Parent ______________ Abdul Ali - I __________ Mentor for Abdul at the school, give him the permission to take a serious of observation on Child A, B and C to complete his task. Teacher ____________ Abdul Ali Appendix Two Observations

Free Yellow Wallpaper Essays: The Cure is Worse :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Cure is Worse than the Disease in The Yellow Wall Paper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Often times what is meant to help can hinder. Positive intentions do not always bring about desirable effects. The "Yellow Wallpaper" is an example of such an occurrence. In this short story the narrator is detained in a lonesome, drab room in an attempt to free herself of a nervous disorder. During the era in which this narrative was written such practices were considered beneficial. The narrators husband, a physician adheres to this belief and forces his wife into a treatment of solitude. Rather than heal the narrator of her psychological disorder, the treatment only contributes to its effects, driving her into a severe depression. Under the orders of her husband, the narrator was moved to a house far from society in the country, wherein she is locked into an upstairs room. This environment serves not as an inspiration for mental health but as an element of repression. The locked door and barred windows serves to physically restrain her. "The windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls."(p218). Being exposed to the room's yellow wallpaper is dreadful and fosters only negative creativity. "The color is hideous enough, and unreliable enough, and infuriating enough, but the pattern is torturing.(p224). All through the story the yellow paper acts as an antagonist causing her to become very annoyed and disturbed. There is nothing to do in the secluded room but stare at the wallpaper. The narrator tells of the haphazard pattern having no organization or symmetrical plot. Her constant examination and reflection of the wallpaper causes her much travail. "I determine for the thous andth time that I will follow that pointless Johnston 2 pattern to some sort of a conclusion." (p221). The treatments call for isolation was a repressive factor .The narrator did not believe isolation would cure her disorder. Social contact and outside stimulation was her desire. "I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus, but John says the worst thing I can do is think about my condition.(p217). She was cut off from society and forbidden from seeing her baby. It is not natural to be confined to little social contact for large amounts of time. Society provides a sundry of different sights, sounds, feelings and stimuli to its inhabitants.

Sophocles :: essays research papers

The Way of Greek Play Wrights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greek Play Wright, Sophocles, wrote both the Antigone and Oedipus the King. Sophocles wrote Antigone around 441 B.C. and followed with the writings of Oedipus the King around 425 B.C. In Antigone King Creon decides that Polynices the traitor is to be buried, but his sister Antigone dislikes the order. She is caught, and sentenced by Creon to be buried alive-even though she is betrothed to his son Haemon. After the blind prophet Tiresias proves that the gods are on Antigone’s side, Creon changes his mind but too late. He goes first to bury Polynices, but Antigone had already hanged herself. When Creon arrives at the tomb, Haemon attacks him and then kills himself. When the news of their death is reported, Creon’s wife Eurydice takes her own life. Creon is left all alone at the end of the play. In Oedipus the King it was said that the king and queen of Thebes would give birth to a child who would grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. His parents feared this, so they nailed their son’s feet together and left him stranded on a mountainside. He was founded by a wondering shepherd and taken to the town of Corinth. He was then adopted and raised as the prince in the royal household. After he grew older he heard about the prophecy. He left Corinth to wander around Greece. Along the way he met a group of travelers, killed an old man, his real father. Later he arrived in Thebes and met the Sphinx, a monster who guarded the gates of the city. He answered the riddle correctly and was named King of Thebes. He was then married to a woman named Jocasta, his real mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why did men play the role of women in early Greek playwrights? Once a woman was married her husband had complete control of her. He controlled all property that she may have inherited. She had no rights to wander about the town, without a sufficient reason. Any respectable women would not be seen in public. They contained no political rights and were run by men at every stage of their lives. Since men spent so much time away, women dominated Greek households. The wife was in charge of raising the children and making the clothes for the family. The only appropriate time for a woman to leave her house was to visit a female neighbor.

Foundation Certificate in Human Resource Practice Essay

1. Collecting and recording HR data is vitally important to an organisation. The collecting of the data could be to monitor that laws and regulations are being adhered to for example the Health and Safety at work act 1974, ensuring that all staff are maintaining high health and safety awareness and complying to the law. The data would need to be collected to enable the organisation to prove that it is adhering to current law and legislation. Another example could also be to monitor employee absence levels across the organisation and looking for any pattern or trend relating to individual absences. This data could be used in Absence review meetings and having all the correct and accurate data could be vital in a dispute with an employee. It could highlight issues with employee welfare and enable the company to offer support in order to support the employee back to work. 2. Storing Records There are many methods of storing records, an example is: Electronic which includes hard disks drive – PC, CD – recorder, DVD, databases and spreadsheets, internet or intranet, USB devices, emails and virtual learning environments. Electronic storage can have pros and cons. Advantages can be the speed and accuracy that it provides, spellcheckers etc can all help the documents to be stored accurately. Vast amounts of data can be stored on a computer software system and therefore not take up and physical office space. The electronic way of storing data can also be protected by a password meaning that it is secure and accurate at the same time and protected from anyone outside the HR function, and it means that a variety of colleagues can have access to update and amend the records at the same time, even updating at the same time as colleagues. Manual Storage. Manual storage can be personnel files, absence forms, reports, filing cabinets etc There are lots of benefits to manual storage including having documents which need a physical signature and provide proof of identity like bank details etc. Also should a computer system crash or wipe the documents the paper copy is always accessible. Manual storage is easy to move around and is easy to keep protected and confidential via a lock/key etc although staff with access must ensure it is securely locked away. 3. UK Legislation The Data Protection Act 1998 is about respecting individual rights when processing/collecting and storing their personal information. This is achievable for the company by being honest with employees about the use of their information and by following good data handling procedures. The act is compulsory and all organisations that hold or process personal data must adhere to this. Personal data should be processed fairly and lawfully, the data should be adequate, relevant and not excessive, it should be accurate and where necessary kept up to date, any data should not be kept for longer than necessary, data should be kept secure. All staff has responsibilities under the Act to ensure that their activities comply with the Data Protection Principles Employees do have a right legally to access information that an organisation may hold on them. This could include information regarding any grievances or disciplinary action, or information obtained through performance monitoring processes. Processes should be in place to deal with a data request from an employee as a 40 day time limit is compulsory. The health and safety at work at 1974 is legislation relating to protecting employees from injury or illness as a direct result of their job. All data relating to health and safety must be recorded and stored securely, including accident books. This data may be called upon many years after an employee has left the organisation so staff should ensure documents and information are kept in a secure adequate accessible place. The Freedom of Information Act which came into force in 2000 gives you the right to ask any public sector organisation for all the recorded information they have on any subject. Anyone can make a request for information – there are no restrictions on your age, nationality or where you live. If you ask for information about yourself, then your request will be handled under the Data Protection Act 1998. Recording, Analysing and using Human Resources information is highly important and ensuring it is accurate and efficient will support the organisation strategy in many ways. The Analysis can change the way the organisation moves forward and affect future plans/decisions.